Me kuka sani game da cikakkun bayanai masu girma a cikin ƙirar injiniyoyi waɗanda ke buƙatar kulawa?
Girman samfuran gabaɗaya:
Su ne ma'auni waɗanda ke ayyana gaba ɗaya siffa da girman abu.Waɗannan ma'auni yawanci ana wakilta su azaman ƙimar lambobi a cikin akwatuna huɗu masu nunin tsayi, faɗi da tsayi.
Haƙuri:
Haƙuri shine bambance-bambancen da aka yarda a cikin ma'auni waɗanda ke tabbatar da dacewa, aiki, da haɗuwa.An ayyana haƙuri ta hanyar haɗin da ƙari da ragi alamomi tare da ƙimar lambobi.Ramin da ke da diamita na 10mm +- 0.05mm, alal misali, yana nufin kewayon diamita tsakanin 9.95mm zuwa 10.05mm.
Girman Geometric & Haƙuri
GD&T yana ba ku damar sarrafawa da ayyana ma'anar lissafi na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa da fasalin taro.Tsarin ya haɗa da firam ɗin sarrafawa da alamomi don ƙididdige irin waɗannan fasalulluka kamar ƙasƙanci (ko maida hankali), daidaitawa (ko kamanceceniya), da sauransu. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin bayani kan siffa da jagorar fasali fiye da ma'auni na asali.
Ƙarshen Sama
Ana amfani da ƙarewar saman don tantance abin da ake so ko santsin saman.Ana bayyana ƙarewar saman ta amfani da alamomi kamar Ra (ma'anar lissafi), Rz (mafi girman bayanin martaba), da ƙayyadaddun ƙima.
Siffofin Zauren
Don girman abubuwan da aka zare, kamar kusoshi ko sukurori, dole ne ka ƙayyade girman zaren, farar da jerin zaren.Hakanan zaka iya haɗawa da kowane bayani, kamar tsayin zaren, chamfers ko tsayin zaren.
Dangantakar Majalisa & Tsare-tsare
Cikakkun bayanai masu girma kuma suna da mahimmanci yayin zayyana majalissar injina don yin la'akari da alakar da ke tsakanin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, da kuma sharewar da ake buƙata don ingantaccen aiki.Yana da mahimmanci don ƙayyade saman mating, daidaitawa, giɓi da duk wani haƙuri da ake buƙata don aiki.
Hanyoyin haɓaka don tsarin gama gari
Hanyoyin haɓaka don ramukan gama gari (ramukan makafi, ramukan zaren, ramukan ƙira, ramukan ƙira);Hanyar girma don chamfers.
❖ Ramin makaho
❖ Ramin zare
❖ Counterbore
❖ Ramin hana ruwa gudu
❖ Chamfer
Machined Tsarin a bangaren
❖ Ƙarƙashin tsagi da injin niƙa mai wuce gona da iri
Don sauƙaƙe cire kayan aiki daga ɓangaren kuma don tabbatar da cewa sassan sassan da ke hulɗa da juna iri ɗaya ne a yayin haɗuwa, an yi amfani da tsagi wanda aka riga aka yi shi, ko ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa, ya kamata a yi amfani da shi a mataki na kasancewar farfajiyar. sarrafa.
Gabaɗaya, ana iya nuna girman ƙasƙan da aka yanke a matsayin "zurfin tsagi x diamita", ko "zurfin tsagi x nisa".The overtravel tsagi na nika dabaran lokacin nika karshen fuska ko waje madauwari.
❖Tsarin hakowa
Ramukan makafi da aka tona da rawar soja suna da kwana 120deg a ƙasa.Zurfin ɓangaren Silinda shine zurfin hakowa, ban da ramin.Canje-canje tsakanin ramin da aka tako da mazugi na 120deg yana da alamar mazugi tare da hanyar zane, da kuma ƙima.
Don tabbatar da hakowa daidai, da kuma guje wa karyewar hakowa, yana da mahimmanci cewa axis ɗin bututun ya kasance daidai da fuskar ƙarshen da ake hakowa.Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda za a tsara daidaitattun fuskoki uku na hakowa.
❖Shugaba da dimple
Gabaɗaya, saman da ke haɗuwa da wasu sassa ko sassa yana buƙatar kulawa.Shuwagabanni da ramuka akan simintin gyare-gyare galibi ana tsara su don rage wurin sarrafawa yayin tabbatar da kyakkyawar hulɗa tsakanin saman.Goyon baya shugabannin saman da goyan bayan saman ramukan an kulle;don rage aikin sarrafawa, an halicci tsagi.
Tsarin Sashe na gama gari
❖Shaft sleeve sassa
Shafts, bushings, da sauran sassa sune misalan irin waɗannan sassa.Muddin an nuna ainihin ra'ayi da sassan giciye, yana yiwuwa a bayyana tsarin gida da manyan siffofi.Axis don tsinkaya yawanci ana sanya shi a kwance don sauƙaƙa ganin zane.Ya kamata a sanya axis a kan layin gefen tsaye.
Ana amfani da axis na bushing don auna girman radial.Ana amfani da wannan don ƙayyade F14, da F11 (duba Sashe AA), misali.An zana adadi.Abubuwan buƙatun ƙira sun haɗu tare da maƙasudin tsari.Misali, lokacin sarrafa sassan magudanar ruwa akan lathe, zaku iya amfani da ƙwanƙwasa don tura ramin tsakiya.A cikin tsayin daka, ana iya amfani da mahimmancin fuskar ƙarshen ko farfajiyar lamba (kafaɗa), ko saman injin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman ma'auni.
Hoton yana nuna cewa kafada a hannun dama tare da raƙuman ƙasa Ra6.3, shine babban mahimmanci ga ma'auni a cikin shugabanci na tsawon.Ana iya zana masu girma dabam kamar 13, 14, 1.5, da 26.5 daga gare ta.Tushen mataimaka yana nuna jimlar shaft ɗin 96.
❖Abubuwan rufe diski
Wannan nau'in ɓangaren gabaɗaya babban faifai ne.Ya haɗa da murfin ƙarshen, murfin bawul, gears, da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa.Babban tsarin waɗannan sassa shine jiki mai jujjuya tare da flange daban-daban da ramukan zagaye da aka rarraba daidai gwargwado.Tsarin gida, kamar hakarkarinsa.A matsayinka na gaba ɗaya, lokacin zaɓar ra'ayoyi ya kamata ka zaɓi ra'ayi sashe tare da axis ko jirgin sama na daidaitawa azaman babban ra'ayinka.Hakanan zaka iya ƙara wasu ra'ayoyi zuwa zane (kamar kallon hagu, kallon dama, ko kallon sama) don nuna daidaiton tsari da siffar.A cikin wannan adadi an nuna cewa an ƙara ra'ayi na gefen hagu don nuna alamar murabba'i, tare da kusurwoyi masu zagaye kuma a ko'ina aka rarraba hudu ta ramuka.
Lokacin yin ma'aunai na sassan murfin faifai, axis ɗin tafiya ta ramin shaft gabaɗaya ana zaɓa azaman axis radial axis kuma mafi mahimmancin gefen ana zaɓin shi azaman babban girman datum a cikin shugabanci na tsayi.
❖ Sassan don cokali mai yatsa
Yawanci sun ƙunshi sandunan haɗin kai da goyan bayan cokali mai yatsu, da sauran abubuwa daban-daban.Saboda matsayinsu na sarrafawa daban-daban, ana la'akari da wurin aiki da siffar ɓangaren lokacin zabar ra'ayi da za a yi amfani da shi azaman farko.Zaɓin zaɓin ra'ayi yawanci zai buƙaci aƙalla ra'ayoyi na asali guda biyu da kuma ra'ayoyin sashe masu dacewa, ra'ayi na ɓangare, da sauran dabarun magana ana amfani da su don nuna yadda tsarin ya kasance na gida zuwa yanki.Zaɓin ra'ayoyin da aka nuna a cikin sassan zanen wurin zama mai sauƙi ne kuma mai sauƙin fahimta.Don bayyana girman haƙarƙari da ɗaukar ra'ayi daidai ba a buƙata ba, amma ga haƙarƙarin da ke da siffar T yana da kyau a yi amfani da sashin giciye.dace.
Lokacin auna ma'auni na nau'in cokali mai yatsa, ana amfani da tushe na ɓangaren da kuma tsarin siminti na yanki azaman ma'aunin ma'auni.Bincika zane don hanyoyin tantance ma'auni.
❖Sassan akwatin
Gabaɗaya, tsari da tsarin sashe sun fi sauran nau'ikan sassa uku rikitarwa.Bugu da ƙari, wuraren sarrafawa suna canzawa.Yawanci sun ƙunshi jikin bawul, akwatunan rage yawan famfo, da sauran abubuwa daban-daban.Lokacin zabar ra'ayi don babban ra'ayi, damuwa na farko shine wurin wurin aiki da halaye na siffar.Idan kuna zabar wasu ra'ayoyi, ra'ayoyin taimako masu dacewa irin waɗannan sassan ko ra'ayi na ɓangarori, sassan da ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci dole ne a zaɓi dangane da halin da ake ciki.Yakamata su isar da tsarin waje da na ciki a fili a fili.
Dangane da girma, ana amfani da axis ɗin da ake buƙatar amfani da shi ta hanyar ƙirar maɓalli mai hawa sama da wurin tuntuɓar (ko saman tsari) da kuma tsarin daidaitawa (tsawon nisa) na babban tsarin akwatin, da sauransu. a matsayin ma'auni na tunani.Lokacin da yazo ga wuraren da akwatin ke buƙatar yankan girman dole ne a yi alama daidai kamar yadda zai yiwu don sauƙaƙe sarrafawa da dubawa.
Ƙunƙarar saman
❖ Ma'anar rashin ƙarfi na saman
Siffofin geometric da ke da siffa mai kamanni wanda ya ƙunshi kololuwa da kwaruruka waɗanda ke da ƙananan gibi a saman saman an san su da ƙanƙarar saman.Wannan yana faruwa ne sakamakon karce da kayan aikin da aka bari a bayansa a lokacin da ake yin sassan masana'anta, da nakasar da robobin saman karfen ke haifarwa yayin yankewa da yankewa da tsagawa.
Har ila yau, ƙaƙƙarfan filaye alama ce ta kimiyya don kimanta ingancin saman sassan.Yana rinjayar kaddarorin sassan, daidaitattun daidaiton su, juriya juriya na juriya, bayyanar rufewa da bayyanar.na bangaren.
❖ Alamun tarkace saman saman, alamomi da alamomi
Takaddun GB/T 131-393 yana ƙayyadaddun lambar ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi da dabarar bayanin sa.Alamun da ke nuna ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwan saman da ke kan zane an jera su akan tebur mai zuwa.
❖ Muhimman sigogin kimantawa na rashin ƙarfi na saman
Ma'aunin da aka yi amfani da shi don kimanta taurin fuskar sashin sune:
1.) Lissafi na nufin karkatawar kwane-kwane (Ra)
Ma'anar lissafin ma'anar Cikakkar ƙima na ƙwanƙwasa diyya a cikin tsayi.Ana nuna ƙimar Ra da tsayin samfurin a cikin wannan tebur.
2.) Matsakaicin tsayin bayanin martaba (Rz)
Tsawon lokacin samfurin shine tazara tsakanin layin saman kololuwa na saman da kasa.
Ɗauki bayanin kula: An fi son siga Ra lokacin amfani da.
❖ Abubuwan da ake buƙata don yin lakabi da rashin ƙarfi
1.) Misalin alamar lambar don nuna rashin ƙarfi na saman.
Ƙimar tsayin tsayin saman Ra, Rz, da Ry ana lakafta su ta ƙimar lambobi a cikin lambar, sai dai idan zai yiwu a bar lambar siga ba a buƙatar Ra a maimakon ƙimar da ta dace don siga Rz ko Ry dole ne a gano shi kafin. zuwa kowane ma'auni.Duba Tebu don misalin yadda ake yin lakabi.
2.) Dabarun yin alama da lambobi akan m saman
❖ Ta yaya zan yi alamar rashin ƙarfi na alamomin saman akan zane
1.) Ya kamata a sanya roughness na saman (alama) tare da layukan kwane-kwane da ake gani ko layukan girma, ko kuma a kan layin tsawo.Matsayin alamar ya kamata ya nuna daga waje na kayan kuma zuwa saman.
2).
Kyakkyawan misali na alamar roughness na saman
Ana amfani da zane iri ɗaya don kowane farfajiya yawanci ana yiwa alama ta amfani da ƙarni ɗaya kawai (alama) kuma mafi kusa da layin girma.Idan wurin bai yi girma ba ko kuma yana da wahalar yin alama, yana yiwuwa a zana layi.Lokacin da duk saman da ke kan abu ya cika buƙatu iri ɗaya don ƙauyen saman, ana iya yin alamar daidai a ɓangaren dama na hoton ku.Lokacin da yawancin filaye na yanki suna raba ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin ƙasa ɗaya, lambar da aka fi yi aiki akai-akai (alama) ita ce a lokaci guda, rubuta wannan a yankin hagu na sama na hotonku.Har ila yau, haɗa"hutawa" "hutawa".Ma'auni na duk abin da aka gano iri ɗaya alama ta rashin ƙarfi (alamomi) da rubutun bayani dole ne su kasance sau 1.4 na tsayin alamomin kan zane.
Ƙunƙarar saman (alama) a kan ci gaba mai lankwasa na bangaren, saman abubuwan da ake maimaita su (kamar hakora, ramukan ramuka, ramuka ko ramuka). lura sau ɗaya kawai.
Idan akwai ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayi don daidaitaccen yanki ɗaya, sai a zana layin daɗaɗɗen bakin ciki don yin alama akan layin rarraba kuma yakamata a yi rikodin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙima da girman da ya dace.
Idan an ƙaddara cewa siffar hakori (haƙori) ba a gano saman zaren, gears ko wasu kayan aiki ba.Ana iya ganin ƙaƙƙarfan lambar saman (alama) a cikin kwatancin.
Lambobin rashin ƙarfi don saman aikin rami na tsakiya, gefen maɓalli na keyway fillet da chamfers na iya sauƙaƙa aiwatar da lakabin.
Idan dacnc niƙa sassaza a bi da su da zafi ko kuma an rufe shi da wani yanki (mai rufi) gabaɗayan yankin ya kamata a yi masa alama da layukan da aka ɗora masu kauri, kuma girman da ya dace da shi ya kamata a yi alama a fili.Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai na iya bayyana akan layi a kwance tare da dogon gefen alamar rashin ƙarfi na saman.
Haƙuri na asali da daidaitattun sabani
Don sauƙaƙe samarwa ba da damar interoperability nacnc kayan aikin injinkuma sun cika buƙatun amfani daban-daban, ƙa'idodin ƙasa "Iyaka da Daidaita" ya nuna cewa yankin haƙuri ya ƙunshi sassa biyu waɗanda suke daidaitaccen juriya da ƙa'ida ta asali.Ma'auni na haƙuri shine abin da ke ƙayyade girman girman yanki na juriya da ɓatanci na asali ya yanke shawarar yanki na yankin haƙuri.
1.) Daidaitaccen Hakuri (IT)
Za a ƙayyade ingancin Haƙuri na Ma'auni ta girman tushe da ajin.Ajin haƙuri ma'auni ne wanda ke bayyana daidaiton ma'auni.An raba shi cikin matakan 20, musamman IT01, IT0 da IT1.,…, IT18.Daidaiton ma'aunin girma yana raguwa yayin da kuke motsawa daga IT01 har zuwa IT18.Don ƙarin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun haƙuri duba ƙa'idodi masu dacewa.
Dabarar asali
Bambanci na asali shine babba ko ƙananan karkata zuwa sifili a cikin daidaitattun iyakoki, kuma gabaɗaya yana nufin karkacewa kusa da sifili.Bambanci na asali yana da ƙananan lokacin da yankin haƙuri ya fi girma fiye da layin sifili;in ba haka ba yana sama.An rubuta sabani na asali guda 28 a cikin haruffan Latin tare da manyan haruffa don ramuka da ƙananan haruffa don wakiltar ramuka.
A kan zane na asali na sabawa, a bayyane yake cewa ramin asali na asali AH da shaft na asali kzc suna wakiltar ƙananan karkatacciyar hanya.Ramin asali sabawa KZC yana wakiltar babban karkata.Bambance-bambancen babba da na ƙasa don rami da shaft sune bi da bi + IT/2 da –IT/2.Zane-zane na asali ba ya nuna girman haƙuri ba, amma kawai wurin da yake.Daidaitaccen haƙuri shine akasin ƙarshen buɗewa a ƙarshen yankin haƙuri.
Dangane da ma'anar juzu'in juzu'i, ƙirar ƙididdiga don ainihin karkata da ma'auni shine:
EI = ES + IT
ei=es+IT ko es=ei+IT
Lambar yanki na haƙuri don rami da shaft an yi shi da lambobi biyu: lambar karkata ta asali, da matakin yankin haƙuri.
Haɗin kai
Fit ita ce dangantaka tsakanin yankin haƙuri na ramuka da ramuka waɗanda ke da girman asali iri ɗaya kuma an haɗa su tare.Daidaita tsakanin shaft da rami na iya zama m ko sako-sako dangane da bukatun aikace-aikacen.Don haka, ƙa'idar ƙasa ta ƙayyade nau'ikan dacewa daban-daban:
1) Tsabtace tsafta
Ramin da ramin ya kamata su dace tare da mafi ƙarancin sharewar sifili.Yankin juriya na rami ya fi girma fiye da yankin jurewar shaft.
2) Haɗin kai na wucin gadi
Za a iya samun tazara tsakanin ramin da rami lokacin da aka haɗa su.Yankin juriya na ramin ya mamaye na ramin.
3) Tsangwama dacewa
Lokacin da ake hada shinge da rami, akwai tsangwama (ciki har da tsangwama kadan daidai da sifili).Yankin juriya don shaft yana ƙasa da yankin haƙuri don rami.
❖ Tsarin ma'auni
A cikin masana'antu nacnc inji sassa, an zaɓi wani sashi azaman datum kuma an san karkacewar sa.Tsarin datum wata hanya ce ta samun nau'ikan dacewa daban-daban tare da kaddarorin daban-daban, ta hanyar canza karkacewar wani sashi wanda ba datum ba.Ma'auni na ƙasa sun ƙididdige tsarin ma'auni guda biyu dangane da ainihin buƙatun samarwa.
1) Ana nuna tsarin rami na asali a ƙasa.
Tsarin ramuka na asali (wanda ake kira tsarin ramin asali) tsari ne inda yankunan juriya na ramin da ke da takamaiman karkata daga ma'auni da kuma wuraren haƙuri na shaft waɗanda ke da sabani daban-daban daga ma'auni suna yin daidai iri-iri.Da ke ƙasa akwai bayanin tsarin ramin asali.Koma zuwa zanen da ke ƙasa.
①Tsarin rami na asali
2) Ana nuna tsarin tsarin shinge na asali a ƙasa.
Tsarin shaft na asali (BSS) - Wannan tsarin ne inda yankunan juriya na shaft da rami, kowannensu yana da bambanci na asali, ya samar da nau'i daban-daban.Da ke ƙasa akwai bayanin tsarin axis na asali.Datum axis shine axis a cikin tushe na asali.Asalin lambar karkatar da shi (h) shine h kuma babban karkacewar sa shine 0.
②Tsarin shaft na asali
❖ Code of hadin gwiwa
Lambobin dacewa sun ƙunshi lambar yanki na haƙuri don rami da shaft.An rubuta shi da sigar juzu'i.Lambar yanki na haƙuri don ramin yana cikin ƙididdigewa, yayin da lambar haƙuri don shaft ɗin yana cikin ƙima.Asalin axis shine duk wani haɗin da ya ƙunshi h a matsayin mai ƙididdigewa.
❖ Alamar haƙuri da dacewa akan zane
1) Yi amfani da haɗe-haɗe hanyar yin alama don alamar haƙuri da dacewa akan zanen taro.
2) Ana amfani da nau'ikan alama iri-iri iri-irimachining sassazane-zane.
Hakuri na geometric
Akwai kurakurai na geometric da kurakurai a matsayin juna bayan an sarrafa sassan.Silinda na iya samun girman da ya cancanta amma ya fi girma a ƙarshen ɗaya fiye da ɗayan, ko kuma ya fi kauri a tsakiya, yayin da ya fi sirara a kowane ƙarshen.Hakanan bazai zama zagaye a ɓangaren giciye ba, wanda kuskuren sifa ne.Bayan sarrafawa, gatari na kowane bangare na iya zama daban-daban.Wannan kuskuren matsayi ne.Haƙuri na siffa shine bambancin da za a iya yi tsakanin manufa da ainihin siffar.Haƙurin matsayi shine bambancin da za a iya yi tsakanin ainihin matsayi da matsayi mai kyau.Dukansu an san su da juriya na geometric.
Harsashi masu Hakuri na Geometric
❖ Lambobin haƙuri don siffofi da matsayi
Ma'auni na ƙasa GB/T1182-1996 yana ƙayyadaddun lambobin amfani don nuna juriya da matsayi.Lokacin da ba za a iya yin alamar juriyar jumhuriyar ta lamba a ainihin samarwa ba, ana iya amfani da bayanin rubutun.
Lambobin juriya na geometric sun ƙunshi: firam ɗin juriya na geometric, layin jagora, ƙimar juriyar jumhuriya, da sauran alamomi masu alaƙa.Girman rubutun da ke cikin firam ɗin yana da tsayi ɗaya da na font.
❖ Alamar juriya na Geometric
Rubutun kusa da juriya na geometric da aka nuna a cikin adadi ana iya ƙarawa don bayyana ma'anar ga mai karatu.Ba sai an saka shi cikin zane ba.
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Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-29-2023