Indlela yokwahlula ukucinywa, ukufudumeza, ukunyanzeliswa, ukunyanzeliswa

Yintoni ukufudumala?

I-Tempering yinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu apho izinto zetsimbi ezicinyiweyo okanye inxalenye ifudunyezwa kubushushu obuthile, igcinwe ixesha elithile, kwaye ipholile ngendlela ethile.I-Tempering yi-operation eyenziwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokucima, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo yinxalenye yokugqibela yonyango lobushushu lomsebenzi.Inkqubo, ngoko ke inkqubo edityanisiweyo yokucima kunye nokuthoba ibizwa ngokuba lunyango lokugqibela.Injongo ephambili yokucima kunye nokuthambisa kukuba:

1) Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye nokunciphisa i-brittleness.Amalungu acinyiweyo anoxinzelelo olukhulu kunye ne-brittleness.Ukuba abacaphuki ngexesha, baya kuthanda ukukhubaza okanye bade baqhekeke.

2) Lungisa iipropati zomatshini we-workpiece.Emva kokucima, i-workpiece inobunzima obuphezulu kunye ne-brittleness ephezulu.Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, inokulungelelaniswa ngokufudumeza, ukuqina, amandla, iplastiki kunye nokuqina.

3) Zinzise ubungakanani bomsebenzi.Isakhiwo se-metallographic sinokuzinziswa ngokufudumeza ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho deformation eyenzekayo kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwexesha elizayo.

4) Ukuphucula ukusebenza kokusika kweentsimbi ezithile ze-alloy.
Umphumo wokuthoba kukuba:

① Ukuphucula ukuzinza kombutho, ukwenzela ukuba isakhiwo se-workpiece singatshintshi ngexesha lokusetyenziswa, ukwenzela ukuba ubukhulu bejometri kunye nokusebenza kwendawo yokusebenza kuhlala kuzinzile.

② Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza komsebenzi kunye nokuzinzisa ubungakanani bejometri yomsebenzi.

③ Lungisa iimpawu zomatshini zentsimbi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa.

Isizathu sokuba ubushushu bunezi ziphumo kukuba xa ubushushu buphakama, umsebenzi we-athomu uyanda, kwaye iiathom zentsimbi, ikhabhoni kunye nezinye izinto ezixubeneyo kwintsimbi zinokusasazeka ngokukhawuleza ukuze kuqwalaselwe uhlengahlengiso kunye nokudityaniswa kwee-athomu, nto leyo eyenza ingazinzi. ulungelelwano olungalungelelananga ngokuthe ngcembe lwaguquka lwaba yintlangano ezinzileyo nelungeleleneyo.Ukupheliswa koxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kuhambelana nokuhla kwamandla esinyithi xa ubushushu buphakama.Xa intsimbi eqhelekileyo iyancipha, ubunzima kunye namandla ayancipha, kwaye iplastiki iyanda.Okukhona ubushushu bobushushu buphezulu, kokukhona utshintsho olukhulu kwezi mpawu zomatshini.Ezinye iintsimbi ze-alloy kunye nomxholo ophezulu wezinto ezixutywayo ziya kudlula amanye amaqhekeza amancinci eekhompawundi zetsimbi xa zivutha kuluhlu oluthile lobushushu, oluya kwandisa amandla kunye nokuqina.Lo mcimbi ubizwa ngokuba lukhuni okwesibini.
Iimfuno zokuthambisa: izixhobo zokusebenza ezineenjongo ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zithotywe kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisetyenziswayo.

① Izixhobo, iibheringi, iinxalenye zecarburized kunye nezaqina, kunye neendawo eziqinileyo zomphezulu zihlala zipholile kwiqondo lobushushu elingaphantsi kwe250 ° C.Ubunzima butshintsha kancinci emva kobushushu obuphantsi, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi luyancitshiswa, kwaye ukuqina kuphuculwe kancinci.

② Intlakohlaza ibanjiswa kubushushu obuphakathi kwi-350～500℃ ukufumana ukuqina okuphezulu kunye nokuqina okuyimfuneko.

③ Amacandelo enziwe ngentsimbi ephakathi kwekhabhoni yolwakhiwo luhlala lufudumala kubushushu obuphezulu kwi-500～600℃ ukufumana umdlalo olungileyo wamandla afanelekileyo kunye nokuqina.

Xa intsimbi ishushu malunga ne-300 ° C, idla ngokunyusa ukuphuka kwayo.Le nto ibizwa ngokuba luhlobo lokuqala lokucaphuka komsindo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, akufuneki ukuba ifakwe kwiqondo lokushisa.Ezinye iintsimbi zolwakhiwo lwe-carbon medium-carbon alloy zithande ukuba brittle ukuba zithe zapholiswa kancinane kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi emva kobushushu obuphezulu.Le nto ibizwa ngokuba luhlobo lwesibini lokucaphuka.Ukongeza i-molybdenum kwintsimbi okanye ukupholisa kwioli okanye emanzini ngexesha lokufudumala kunokuthintela uhlobo lwesibini lokuvutha komsindo.Olu hlobo lwe-brittleness lunokupheliswa ngokufudumeza uhlobo lwesibini lwentsimbi epholileyo kwiqondo lokushisa lokuqala.

Kwimveliso, ihlala isekelwe kwiimfuno zokusebenza komsebenzi.Ngokutsho kobushushu obuhlukeneyo bobushushu, ukufudumeza kwahlulwe kubushushu obuphantsi, ubushushu obuphakathi, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu.Inkqubo yonyango yobushushu edibanisa ukucima kunye nobushushu obuphezulu obulandelayo bubizwa ngokuba yi-quenching kunye nokuvutha, oku kuthetha ukuba unamandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina okuhle kweplastiki.

1. Ukushisa okuphantsi kweqondo lokushisa: i-150-250 ° C, imijikelezo ye-M, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kunye ne-brittleness, ukuphucula ukuqina kweplastiki, kunye nobunzima obuphezulu kunye nokuxhatshazwa kokugqoka.Isetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zokulinganisa, izixhobo zokusika, iibheringi eziqengqelekayo, njl.

2. Iqondo lokushisa eliphakathi: 350-500 ℃, umjikelo we-T, kunye ne-elasticity ephezulu, iplastiki ethile kunye nokuqina.Isetyenziselwa ukwenza imithombo, i-forging dies, njl.CNC machining inxalenye

3. Ubushushu obuphezulu bobushushu: 500-650 ℃, ixesha le-S, kunye neempawu ezilungileyo ezibanzi zoomatshini.Isetyenziselwa ukwenza iigiya, ii-crankshafts, njl.
Yintoni ukuqheleka?

I-normalizing yonyango lobushushu oluphucula ukuqina kwentsimbi.Emva kokuba inxalenye yentsimbi ifudunyezwe kwi-30 ~ 50 ° C ngaphezu kobushushu be-Ac3, igcinwa ishushu ixesha elithile kwaye ipholile emoyeni.Olona phawu luphambili kukuba izinga lokupholisa likhawuleza kunokucima kwaye lisezantsi kunokucima.Ngexesha lesiqhelo, iinkozo zekristale zentsimbi zinokucocwa ngokupholisa kancinci ngokukhawuleza.Akunakufumaneka kuphela amandla anelisayo, kodwa kunye nobunzima (ixabiso le-AKV) linokuphuculwa kakhulu kwaye lincitshiswe Ukutyekela kwecandelo lokuqhekeka.-Emva kokunyangwa okuqhelekileyo kwezinye iipleyiti zetsimbi ezitshisayo eziphantsi kwe-alloy, i-alloy low-alloy forgings kunye ne-castings, i-complehensive mechanical properties ingaphuculwa kakhulu, kunye nokusebenza kokusika kuphuculwe.inxalenye yealuminiyam

Ukwenziwa kwesiqhelo kunezi njongo nokusetyenziswa kwazo zilandelayo:

① Kwiintsimbi ze-hypoeutectoid, i-normalizing isetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ubume obugqithisiweyo obuqinileyo kunye nesakhiwo se-Widmanstatten sokuphosa, ukubunjwa, kunye ne-weldments, kunye nesakhiwo sebhendi kwizinto eziqengqelekayo;coca iinkozo;kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengonyango lwangaphambi kobushushu phambi kokucima.

② Kwiintsimbi ze-hypereutectoid, i-normalization inokuphelisa i-cementite yesibini ehlaziyiweyo kwaye icokise i-pearlite, engaphuculi kuphela iimpawu zomatshini, kodwa iququzelele i-spheroidizing annealing elandelayo.

③ Kwikhabhoni esezantsi-umzobo wamaphepha entsimbi amancinci, ukulinganisa kunokuphelisa i-cementite yamahhala kumda weenkozo ukuphucula ukusebenza kwayo okunzulu.

④ Ngentsimbi ye-carbon ephantsi kunye ne-low-carbon low-alloy steel, i-normalization inokufumana i-flake i-pearlite isakhiwo, yandise ubulukhuni ukuya kwi-HB140-190, igweme into "yokuncamathela imela" ngexesha lokusika, kwaye uphucule ubuchule.Kwintsimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi, kuqoqosho ngakumbi kwaye kulula ukusebenzisa i-normalizing xa zombini i-normalization kunye ne-annealing ikhona.Inxalenye e-5 yezembe

⑤ Kwiinsimbi eziqhelekileyo ze-carbon structural steels, apho iipropati ze-mechanical zingekho phezulu, i-normalization ingasetyenziselwa endaweni yokucima kunye nokushisa okuphezulu kokushisa, okungelula nje ukusebenza, kodwa nokuzinza kwisakhiwo kunye nobukhulu bentsimbi.

⑥ Ukushisa okuphezulu okuqhelekileyo (150～200℃ ngaphezulu kwe-Ac3) kunokunciphisa ulwahlulo lokubunjwa kwee-castings kunye ne-forgings ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokusabalalisa kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu.Iinkozo ezirhabaxa emva komgangatho wobushushu obuphezulu zinokucocwa ngokwesibini ubushushu obuphantsi.

⑦ Kwezinye iintsimbi ze-alloy ephantsi kunye nephakathi-carbon alloy ezisetyenziswa kwiiinjini zomphunga kunye neebhoyila, i-normalizing isoloko isetyenziselwa ukufumana ubume be-bainite, kwaye emva kokushisa okuphezulu, inokumelana nokunyuka kakuhle xa isetyenziswe kwi-400-550 ℃.

⑧ Ukongeza kwiindawo zetsimbi kunye nentsimbi, i-normalization iphinda isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kunyango olushushu lwe-ductile iron ukufumana i-pearlite matrix kunye nokuphucula amandla esinyithi.

Ekubeni uphawu lwe-normalization lupholisa umoya, ubushushu be-ambient, indlela yokupakisha, ukuhamba komoya kunye nobukhulu be-workpiece yonke ichaphazela umbutho kunye nokusebenza emva kokuqhelekileyo.Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lunokusetyenziswa njengendlela yokwahlula kwintsimbi ye-alloy.Ngokuqhelekileyo, iintsimbi ze-alloy zihlulwe zibe yintsimbi ye-pearlite, insimbi ye-bainite, insimbi ye-martensitic kunye ne-austenitic steel esekelwe kwisakhiwo esifunyenwe ngokupholisa umoya emva kwesampuli kunye nobubanzi be-25 mm ishushu kwi-900 ° C.
Yintoni ukuhlamba?

I-Anealing yinkqubo yokunyanga ubushushu bentsimbi ethi kancinane ifudumeze intsimbi ukuya kubushushu obuthile, iyigcine ixesha elaneleyo, ize iyipholise ngesantya esifanelekileyo.Unyango lokutshisa ubushushu bohlulahlulwe lwaba ludibaniso olupheleleyo, i-annealing engaphelelanga kunye nokuthomalalisa koxinzelelo.Iimpawu zomatshini wezinto ezifakwe emanzini zinokuvavanywa ngovavanyo lwe-tensile okanye uvavanyo lokuqina.Iintsimbi ezininzi zibonelelwa kwimeko yonyango lobushushu obufakwe kwi-annealed.Ukuqina kwentsimbi kunokuvavanywa ngumvavanyi wobulukhuni be-Rockwell ukuvavanya ubulukhuni be-HRB.Kwiipleyiti zentsimbi ezibhityileyo, imicu yentsimbi kunye nemibhobho yentsimbi enodonga olucekethekileyo, umvavanyi wobulukhuni be-Rockwell ungasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubulukhuni be-HRT..

Injongo yokunciphisa kuku:

① Ukuphucula okanye ukuphelisa iziphene ezahlukeneyo kunye noxinzelelo olushiyekileyo olubangelwa yintsimbi, ukubumba, ukuqengqeleka kunye ne-welding, kwaye uthintele ukuguqulwa kunye nokuqhekeka kwendawo yokusebenza.

② Thambisa icwecwe lokusika.

③ Cokisa iinkozo kwaye uphucule ubume bokuphucula iipropathi zoomatshini bomsebenzi.

④ Lungiselela umbutho kunyango lokugqibela lobushushu (ukucima, ukuthambisa).
Iinkqubo ezixhaphakileyo zokufunxa zezi:

① Ivaliwe ngokupheleleyo.Isetyenziselwa ukucokisa ulwakhiwo olurhabaxa kakhulu oluneempawu ezimbi zoomatshini emva kokuphosa, ukubunjwa kunye nokuwelda kwentsimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi kunye nephantsi.Fudumeza i-workpiece ukuya kwi-30-50℃ ngaphezu kweqondo lobushushu apho yonke i-ferrite iguqulwa ibe yi-austenite, yigcine ixesha elithile, kwaye ngokucothayo uphole ngeziko.Ngethuba lenkqubo yokupholisa, i-austenite iguqulela kwakhona ukwenza isakhiwo sentsimbi sibe sihle..

② I-Spheroidizing annealing.Isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ubunzima obuphezulu bensimbi yesixhobo kunye nentsimbi yokuthwala emva kokubumba.I-workpiece ishushu kwi-20-40 ° C ngaphezu kweqondo lokushisa apho intsimbi iqala ukwenza i-austenite, kwaye ipholile ngokukhawuleza emva kokubamba ukushisa.Ngethuba lenkqubo yokupholisa, i-lamellar cementite kwi-pearlite iba yi-spherical, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ubunzima.

③ Ukukhutshwa kwe-Isothermal.Isetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuqina okuphezulu kwezinye iintsimbi ze-alloy zesakhiwo kunye ne-nickel ephezulu kunye nomxholo we-chromium wokusika.Ngokuqhelekileyo, iqala ukupholisa kubushushu obungazinzanga be-austenite ngesantya esikhawulezayo, kwaye emva kokubamba ixesha elifanelekileyo, i-austenite iguqulwa ibe yi-troostite okanye i-sorbite, kwaye ukuqina kunokunciphisa.

④ Recrystallization annealing.Isetyenziselwa ukuphelisa into enzima (ukwanda kobunzima kunye nokuncipha kweplastiki) yocingo lwetsimbi kunye neshiti ngexesha lokudweba okubandayo kunye nokuqengqeleka okubandayo.Ubushushu bokufudumala ngokuqhelekileyo bungama-50 ukuya kwi-150 ° C ngaphantsi kweqondo lokushisa apho intsimbi iqala ukwenza i-austenite.Ngaloo ndlela kuphela umphumo wokuqina womsebenzi unokupheliswa kwaye isinyithi sinokuthamba.

⑤ Ukukhutshwa kweGraphitization.Isetyenziselwa ukwenza intsimbi etyhidiweyo equlethe isixa esikhulu sesamente ibe yintsimbi ethambileyo etyhidiweyo eneplastiki elungileyo.Umsebenzi wenkqubo kukufudumeza ukugalela ukuya kuma-950°C, uyigcine ishushu kangangexesha elithile kwaye emva koko uyipholise ngokufanelekileyo ukubola i-cementite yenze i-flocculent graphite.

⑥ Ukukhutshwa kwe-diffusion.Isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-homogenize ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali ze-alloy castings kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwayo.Indlela yokufudumeza ukugalela kowona bushushu uphezulu obunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokunyibilika, kwaye uyigcine ixesha elide, uze uphole kancinci emva kokusasazwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwi-alloy idla ngokusasazwa ngokulinganayo.

⑦ Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo.Isetyenziselwa ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lweentsimbi zentsimbi kunye neengxenye ze-welding.Kwiimveliso zensimbi, iqondo lokushisa apho i-austenite iqala ukwenza emva kokufudumeza i-100-200 ℃, kwaye uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lunokupheliswa ngokupholisa emoyeni emva kokubamba ukushisa.