Ilimin karfe

I. Mechanical Properties na karfe

1. Matsayin Haɓakawa (σ S)
Lokacin da aka shimfiɗa karfe ko samfurin, lokacin da damuwa ya wuce iyaka na roba, ko da danniya bai kara karuwa ba, karfe ko samfurin zai ci gaba da fuskantar nakasar filastik.Ana kiran wannan al'amari mai yawan amfanin ƙasa, kuma mafi ƙarancin ƙimar damuwa lokacin da yawan amfanin ƙasa ya faru shine ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa.Idan Ps shine ƙarfin waje a ma'aunin yawan amfanin ƙasa s kuma Fo shine yanki na giciye na samfurin, to, ma'anar yawan amfanin ƙasa σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).

2. Ƙarfin Haɓaka (σ 0.2)
Matsayin amfanin wasu kayan ƙarfe ba a bayyane yake ba kuma yana da wahala a auna su.Sabili da haka, don auna kaddarorin kayan amfanin ƙasa, an ƙulla cewa danniya da ke haifar da nakasar filastik ta dindindin daidai yake da wani ƙima (gaba ɗaya 0.2% na tsayin asali), wanda ake kira ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa ko ƙarfin samarwa.0.2.
3. Ƙarfin Ƙarfi (σ B)
Matsakaicin danniya da abu ya samu yayin tashin hankali daga farkon zuwa lokacin da ya karye.Yana nuna ƙarfin ƙarfe akan karyewa.Daidai da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarfin sassauci, da dai sauransu Saita Pb a matsayin matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙarfi kafin a cire kayan da Fo a matsayin yanki na giciye na samfurin, sannan ƙarfin ƙarfin σ B = Pb / Fo (MPa).
4. Tsawaitawa (δ S)
Yawan adadin elongation na filastik na abu bayan karya zuwa tsawon samfurin asali ana kiransa elongation ko elongation.
5. Ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa (σ S/ σ B)
Matsakaicin ma'aunin yawan amfanin ƙasa (ƙarfin amfanin ƙasa) na ƙarfe zuwa ƙarfin juzu'i ana kiran ƙimar ƙarfin amfanin ƙasa.Mafi girman rabo-ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa, mafi girman amincin sassan tsarin.Matsakaicin ƙarfin yawan amfanin ƙasa na ƙarfe na ƙarfe na gabaɗaya shine 0.6-0.65, kuma na ƙarancin tsarin ƙarfe shine 0.65-0.75, kuma na gami tsarin ƙarfe shine 0.84-0.86.
6. Tauri
Taurin yana nuna juriyar kayan ga abubuwa masu wuya suna danna saman sa.Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ma'auni na kayan aiki na ƙarfe.Mafi girman taurin gaba ɗaya, mafi kyawun juriya na lalacewa.Alamomin taurin da aka saba amfani da su sune taurin Brinell, taurin Rockwell da taurin Vickers.
1) Brinell Hardness (HB)
Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙwallan ƙarfe na ƙayyadaddun girman (diamita gabaɗaya 10mm) ana matse shi cikin saman kayan tare da wani kaya (gaba ɗaya 3000kg) na ɗan lokaci.Bayan an sauke, ana kiran rabon kaya zuwa wurin da ake shigar da shi Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) Rockwell Hardness (HR)
Lokacin da HB>450 ko samfurin ya yi ƙanƙanta, ba za a iya amfani da ma'aunin taurin Rockwell maimakon gwajin taurin Brinell ba.Yana da mazugi na lu'u-lu'u tare da saman kusurwar digiri na 120 ko ƙwallon ƙarfe tare da diamita na 1.59 da 3.18 mm, wanda aka manne a cikin saman kayan a ƙarƙashin wasu kaya kuma an ƙayyade taurin kayan ta zurfin zurfin shigar ciki.Akwai ma'auni daban-daban guda uku don nuna taurin kayan da aka gwada:
HRA: Taurin da aka samu tare da nauyin kilogiram 60 da mazugi na lu'u-lu'u-in don kayan aiki masu wuyar gaske kamar siminti carbide.
HRB: Taurin da aka samu ta hanyar taurare ƙwallon karfe mai nauyin 100kg da diamita na 1.58mm.Ana amfani da shi don kayan da ƙananan taurin (misali ƙarfe da aka cire, simintin ƙarfe, da sauransu).
HRC: Taurin da aka samu ta amfani da kaya mai nauyin kilogiram 150 da mazugi na lu'u-lu'u don kayan da ke da tauri mai ƙarfi kamar taurin karfe.
3) Vickers Hardness (HV)
Ana danna saman kayan ta latsa mazugi mai murabba'in lu'u-lu'u tare da kaya kasa da 120 kg da babban kusurwar digiri 136.An ayyana ƙimar taurin Vickers (HV) ta hanyar rarraba saman faɗuwar abubuwan da aka samu ta hanyar ƙimar kaya.

II.Black Metals da Non-ferrous Metals

1. Karfe na Karfe
Yana nufin hadadden ƙarfe da ƙarfe.Irin su ƙarfe, ƙarfe na alade, ferroalloy, simintin ƙarfe, da dai sauransu. Karfe da baƙin ƙarfe na alade sune abubuwan da aka gina akan ƙarfe kuma an ƙara su da carbon.Ana kiran su gaba ɗaya FERROCARBON alloys.
Iron Alade samfuri ne da aka yi ta hanyar narkewar tama a cikin tanderun fashewa kuma ana amfani da shi musamman don yin ƙarfe da simintin gyare-gyare.
An narkar da baƙin ƙarfen simintin ƙarfe a cikin tanderun narkewar ƙarfe don samun simintin ƙarfe (irin ruwa mai abun ciki na carbon fiye da 2.11%).Zuba ruwa a cikin simintin ƙarfe, wanda ake kira simintin ƙarfe.
Ferroalloy wani abu ne wanda ya ƙunshi baƙin ƙarfe da abubuwa kamar silicon, manganese, chromium da titanium.Ferroalloy yana ɗaya daga cikin albarkatun ƙasa don yin ƙarfe kuma ana amfani dashi azaman deoxidizer da ƙari don abubuwan gami a cikin ƙarfe.
Iron-carbon gami tare da abun ciki na carbon kasa da 2.11% ana kiransa karfe.Ana samun ƙarfe ta hanyar sanya ƙarfe na alade don yin ƙarfe a cikin tanderun ƙarfe da kuma narke shi bisa ga wani tsari.Kayayyakin karfe sun haɗa da ingots, ci gaba da yin simintin simintin gyare-gyare da kuma simintin simintin ƙarfe na ƙarfe daban-daban.Gabaɗaya magana, ƙarfe yana nufin karfen da aka yi birgima cikin karafa daban-daban.Amfani da masana'antu zafi jabu da zafi guga man inji sassa, sanyi kõma da sanyi shugaban ƙirƙira karfe, sumul karfe bututu inji masana'antu sassa,cnc machining sassa, sassa na simintin gyaran kafa.
2. Karfe marasa ƙarfe
Har ila yau, an san shi da ƙananan ƙarfe ba na ƙarfe ba, yana nufin karafa da kayan aiki ban da ƙarfe na ƙarfe, irin su jan karfe, tin, gubar, zinc, aluminum da tagulla, tagulla, aluminum gami da kayan haɗin gwiwa. Misali, lathe CNC na iya sarrafa kayan daban-daban. ciki har da 316 da 304 bakin karfe faranti, carbon karfe, carbon karfe, aluminum gami, zinc gami kayan, aluminum gami, jan karfe, baƙin ƙarfe, filastik, acrylic faranti, POM, UHWM da sauran albarkatun kasa, da kuma iya aiwatar a cikinCNC juya sassakumaCNC niƙa sassada kuma wasu hadaddun sassa masu murabba'i da sifofi.Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten da titanium a masana'antu.Wadannan karafa ana amfani da su ne a matsayin abubuwan karafa don inganta kaddarorin karafa, inda ake amfani da tungsten, titanium, molybdenum da sauran siminti na siminti don samar da kayan aikin yankan.Waɗannan karafa da ba na ƙarfe ba ana kiransu da ƙarfen masana'antu.Bugu da kari, akwai karafa masu daraja kamar su platinum, zinare, azurfa da karafa da ba kasafai ba, wadanda suka hada da uranium radioactive da radium.

III.Rarraba Karfe

Bayan baƙin ƙarfe da carbon, manyan abubuwan ƙarfe sun haɗa da silicon, manganese, sulfur da phosphorus.
Akwai hanyoyin rarraba karfe iri-iri, kuma manyan su ne kamar haka.
1. Rarraba ta Quality
(1) Karfe gama gari (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Karfe mai inganci (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Karfe mai inganci (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Rarraba ta hanyar sinadaran sinadaran
(1) Karfe Karfe: a.Ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon (C <0.25%);B. Matsakaicin ƙarfe na carbon (C <0.25-0.60%);C. Babban karfen carbon (C <0.60%).
(2) Karfe: a.Low alloy karfe (jimlar abun ciki na gami abubuwa <5%);B. Matsakaicin alloy karfe (jimlar abun ciki na abubuwan gami> 5-10%);C. Babban gami karfe (jimlar abun ciki na alloy> 10%).
3. Rarraba ta hanyar kafa
(1) Karfe na jabu;(2) Karfe na siminti;(3) Karfe mai zafi;(4) Karfe da aka zana sanyi.
4. Rarraba ta Ƙungiya ta Metallographic
(1) Halin da ake ciki: a.Hypoeutectoid karfe (ferrite + pearlite);B. Eutectic karfe (pearlite);C. Hypereutectoid karfe (pearlite + cementite);D. Ledeburite karfe (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Yanayin al'ada: A. karfen lu'u-lu'u;B. Bainitic karfe;C. karfe na martensitic;D. Austenitic karfe.
(3) Babu sauyin lokaci ko juzu'i na juzu'i
5. Rarraba ta Amfani
(1) Gine-gine da ƙarfe ƙarfe: a.Ƙarfe tsarin tsarin carbon gama gari;B. Low gami tsarin karfe;C. Karfe mai ƙarfi.
(2) Tsarin Karfe:
A. Ƙarfe na injina: (a) Ƙarfe mai ƙarfi;(b) Ƙarfe mai taurarewar saman: gami da carburized, ammoniated and surface hardening steels;(c) Ƙarfe tsarin sassauƙa;(d) Cold robobi kafa karfe: ciki har da sanyi stamping karfe da sanyi heading karfe.
B. Karfe na bazara
C. Ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyi
(3) Karfe na kayan aiki: a.Carbon kayan aiki karfe;B. Alloy kayan aiki karfe;C. Babban gudun kayan aiki karfe.
(4) Karfe na musamman: a.Bakin karfe mai jure acid;B. Heat-resistant karfe: ciki har da anti-oxidation karfe, zafi-ƙarfi karfe da bawul karfe;C. Electrothermal gami karfe;D. Karfe mai juriya;E. Ƙarfe ƙananan zafin jiki;F. Karfe na lantarki.
(5) Professional karfe - kamar gada karfe, jirgin ruwa karfe, tukunyar jirgi karfe, matsa lamba jirgin ruwa karfe, noma kayan karfe, da dai sauransu.
6. Cikakken Rabewa
(1) Karfe gama gari
A. Carbon Tsarin Karfe: (a) Q195;(b) Q215 (A, B);(c) Q235 (A, B, C);(d) Q255 (A, B);(e) Q275.
B. Low gami tsarin karfe
C. Gabaɗaya tsarin ƙarfe don takamaiman dalilai
(2) Karfe mai inganci (ciki har da karfe mai inganci)
A. Ƙarfe Tsarin: (a) Ƙarfe mai inganci mai inganci;(b) Ƙarfe tsarin ƙarfe;(c) Karfe na bazara;(d) Ƙarfe mai sauƙin yankewa;(e) Ƙarfe mai ɗaukar nauyi;(f) Ƙarfe mai inganci don takamaiman dalilai.
B. Karfe na kayan aiki: (a) Karfe kayan aikin Carbon;(b) Alloy kayan aiki karfe;(c) Karfe na kayan aiki mai sauri.
C. Karfe na aiki na musamman: (a) bakin karfe da mai jure acid;(b) Karfe mai jure zafi;(c) Ƙarfe mai zafi na lantarki;(d) Karfe na lantarki;(e) Karfe mai jure wa manganese.
7. Rarrabewa ta Hanyar Waƙa
(1) Dangane da nau'in murhu
A. Karfe mai canzawa: (a) Karfe mai canza acid;(b) Karfe mai jujjuyawa.Ko (a) Karfe mai jujjuyawar ƙasa;(b) Karfe mai jujjuyawar gefe;(c) Ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.
B. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki: (a) Ƙarfin wutar lantarki;(b) Electroslag tanderun karfe;(c) Ƙarfe tanderu;(d) Bakin karfen tanderun da ake amfani da shi;(e) Electron biam tanderu karfe.
(2) Bisa ga deoxidization digiri da kuma zub da tsarin
A. Karfe mai tafasa;B. Karfe mai kwanciyar hankali;C. Karfe da aka kashe;D. Karfe na musamman da aka kashe.

IV.Bayanin Hanyar Wakiltar Lambar Karfe a China

Alamar samfurin gabaɗaya ana wakilta ta hanyar haɗa haruffan Sinanci, alamar sinadarai da lambar Larabci.Wato:
(1) Abubuwan sinadaran da ke cikin lambobi na karfe ana wakilta su da alamomin sinadarai na duniya, kamar Si, Mn, Cr, da dai sauransu. Abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na duniya suna wakilta ta RE (ko Xt).
(2) Sunan samfur, amfani, narkewa da hanyoyin zubowa, da sauransu, ana bayyana su gabaɗaya ta gajerun sautin sautin Sinanci.
(3) Abubuwan da ke cikin manyan sinadarai (%) a cikin karfe ana bayyana su ta lambobin larabci.
Lokacin amfani da haruffan Sinanci don wakiltar sunan samfur, amfani, halaye da hanyar tsari, yawanci ana zaɓar harafin farko daga haruffan Sinanci don wakiltar sunan samfur.Lokacin maimaita tare da zaɓin harafin wani samfur, ana iya amfani da harafi na biyu ko na uku, ko kuma a iya zaɓar haruffan farko na haruffan Sinanci guda biyu a lokaci guda.
Inda babu haruffan Sinanci ko haruffan Sinanci a halin yanzu, alamun za su kasance haruffan Ingilishi.