ʻIke kila

I. Mechanical waiwai o ke kila

1. Lae hua (σ S)
I ka wā e hohola ʻia ai ke kila a i ʻole ka laʻana, ke ʻoi aku ke koʻikoʻi ma mua o ka palena elastic, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole e piʻi hou ke koʻikoʻi, e hoʻomau ʻia ke kila a i ʻole ka laʻana.Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he hua, a ʻo ke koʻikoʻi haʻahaʻa loa i ka wā e loaʻa ai ka hua, ʻo ia ka helu hua.Inā ʻo Ps ka ikaika o waho ma ke kiko hua s a ʻo Fo ka ʻāpana kea o ka hāpana, a laila ʻo ke kiko hua σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).

2. Ka ikaika hua (σ 0.2)
ʻAʻole maopopo loa ka helu hua o kekahi mau mea metala a paʻakikī ke ana ʻana iā lākou.No laila, i mea e ana i ka waiwai o nā mea waiwai, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ke koʻikoʻi e hana ana i ka deformation plastic residual mau loa e like me kekahi waiwai (maʻamau 0.2% o ka lōʻihi kumu), i kapa ʻia ʻo conditional yield strength a i ʻole yield strength.σ 0.2.
3. ʻO ka ikaika uʻi (σ B)
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa i kahi mea i ka wā o ka haʻalulu mai ka hoʻomaka a i ka wā e haki ai.Hōʻike ia i ka ikaika o ke kila i ka haki ʻana.E like me ka ikaika tensile, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ikaika compressive, flexural strength, etc. E hoʻonoho iā Pb i ka ikaika tensile kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka huki ʻia ʻana o ka mea a me ka Fo ma ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana kea o ka hāpana, a laila ka ikaika tensile σ B= Pb/ Fo (MPa).
4. Elongation (δ S)
ʻO ka pākēneka o ka elongation plastic o kahi mea ma hope o ka haki ʻana i ka lōʻihi kumu kumu i kapa ʻia ʻo elongation a i ʻole elongation.
5. Lakiō hua-ikaika (σ S/ σ B)
ʻO ka lakio o ka helu huaʻai (ka ikaika hua) o ke kila i ka ikaika tensile i kapa ʻia ʻo ka yield strength ratio.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lākiō hua-ikaika, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hilinaʻi o nā ʻāpana hana.ʻO ka lakio hoʻohua-ikaika o ke kila kalapona maʻamau he 0.6-0.65, a ʻo ke kila kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa he 0.65-0.75, a ʻo ke kila kila kila he 0.84-0.86.
6. Oolea
Hōʻike ka paʻakikī i ke kūʻē ʻana o ka mea i nā mea paʻakikī e kaomi ana i kona ʻili.ʻO ia kekahi o nā kuhikuhi hana nui o nā mea metala.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka lole.ʻO nā hōʻailona paʻakikī maʻamau ʻo Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness a me Vickers hardness.
1) ʻO Brinell Hardness (HB)
ʻO nā pōpō kila paʻakikī o kekahi nui (ʻo ke anawaena he 10mm maʻamau) e kaomi ʻia i ka ʻili o ka mea me kahi ukana (maʻamau 3000kg) no kahi manawa.Ma hope o ka wehe ʻana, ua kapa ʻia ka lakio o ka ukana i ka wahi indentation ʻo Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) ʻO Rockwell Hardness (HR)
Ke liʻiliʻi loa ka HB>450 a i ʻole ka hāpana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ana paʻakikī ʻo Rockwell ma kahi o ka hoʻāʻo paʻakikī Brinell.He cone daimana me kahi kihi o luna o 120 degere a i ʻole pōpō kila me ke anawaena o 1.59 a me 3.18 mm, i kaomi ʻia i ka ʻili o ka mea ma lalo o kekahi mau ukana a ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka mea i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka hohonu o ka mea. hoʻokuʻu.ʻEkolu mau unahi like ʻole e hōʻike i ka paʻakikī o ka mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia:
HRA: Loaʻa ka paʻakikī me ka ukana 60 kg a me kahi kaomi cone daimana no nā mea paʻakikī loa e like me nā carbide cemented.
HRB: ʻO ka paʻakikī i loaʻa ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pōpō kila me ka ukana o 100kg a me ke anawaena o 1.58mm.Hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā mea me ka paʻakikī haʻahaʻa (e laʻa me ke kila annealed, ka hao hoʻolei, etc.).
HRC: Loaʻa ka paʻakikī ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ukana 150 kg a me kahi kaomi cone daimana no nā mea me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe e like me ke kila paʻa.
3) ʻO Vickers Hardness (HV)
Paʻi ʻia ka ʻili o ka mea e kahi kaomi cone square diamond me ka ukana ma lalo o 120 kg a me kahi kihi kiʻekiʻe o 136 degere.Ua wehewehe ʻia ka waiwai paʻakikī o Vickers (HV) ma ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka ʻili o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā mea me ka waiwai ukana.

II.Metala ʻeleʻele a me nā metala ʻole

1. Metala Ferrous
E pili ana i ka huila o ka hao a me ka hao.E like me ke kila, ka hao puaʻa, ka ferroalloy, ka hao, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau alloys FERROCARBON.
ʻO ka hao puaʻa kahi huahana i hana ʻia e ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hao i loko o ka umu ahi a hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana kila a me ka hoʻolei ʻana.
Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hao puaʻa i loko o kahi umu hoʻoheheʻe hao no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hao (ka hao wai me ka ʻike kalapona ʻoi aku ma mua o 2.11%).E hoʻolei i ka hao i loko o ka hao hoʻoheheʻe, i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka hao.
ʻO ka Ferroalloy kahi huila i haku ʻia me ka hao a me nā mea e like me ke silika, manganese, chromium a me ka titanium.ʻO Ferroalloy kekahi o nā mea maka no ka hana kila a hoʻohana ʻia e like me deoxidizer a me nā mea hoʻohui no nā mea hoʻohui i ka hana kila.
ʻO ka hao-carbon huila me ke kalapona ma lalo o 2.11% ua kapa ʻia he kila.Loaʻa ke kila ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hao puaʻa no ka hana kila i loko o ka umu ahi a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me ke kaʻina hana.ʻO nā huahana o ke kila nā ingots, nā billet hoʻolei hoʻomau a me ka hoʻolei pololei ʻana o nā ʻano kila like ʻole.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, pili ke kila i ke kila i ʻōwili ʻia i loko o nā kila like ʻole.Hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana mechanical forged wela a me ka wela, huki ʻia ke anu a me ke poʻo anu i ke kila forged, seamless steel pipe mechanical manufacturing parts,ʻāpana mīkini cnc, ʻāpana hoʻolei.
2. Nā metala non-ferrous
ʻIke ʻia hoʻi me nā metala non-ferrous, pili i nā metala a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā metala ferrous, e like me ke keleawe, ka tin, ke alakaʻi, ka zinc, ka alumini a me ke keleawe, ke keleawe, ka alumini alumini a me nā mea e lawe ai. me 316 a me 304 mau papa kila kila, carbon steel, carbon steel, aluminum alloy, zinc alloy materials, aluminum alloy, copper, iron, plastic, acrylic plates, POM, UHWM and other raw materials, a hiki ke hana i loko.ʻāpana huli ʻo CNCaʻāpana wili CNCa me kekahi mau ʻāpana paʻakikī me nā ʻano huinahā a me ka cylindrical.Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia ka chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten a me titanium i ka ʻoihana.Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau metala e like me nā mea hoʻohui alloy e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai o nā metala, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka tungsten, titanium, molybdenum a me nā carbide cemented e hana i nā mea ʻoki.ʻO kēia mau metala nonferrous i kapa ʻia he metala ʻoihana.Eia kekahi, aia nā metala makamae e like me ka platinum, ke gula, ke kālā a me nā metala liʻiliʻi, me ka radioactive uranium a me ka radium.

III.Hoʻokaʻawale i ke kila

Ma waho aʻe o ka hao a me ke kalapona, ʻo nā mea nui o ke kila he silika, manganese, sulfur a me ka phosphorus.
Aia nā ʻano hoʻohālikelike like ʻole no ke kila, a ʻo nā mea nui e like me kēia:
1. E hoʻokaʻawale i ka maikaʻi
(1) Ke kila maʻamau (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka haku melemele
(1) Ke kila kalapona: a.Ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa (C <0.25%);B. Medium carbon steel (C <0.25-0.60%);C. Ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe (C <0.60%).
(2) Ke kila kila: a.ʻO ke kila kila haʻahaʻa (ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohuiʻia ma lalo o 5%);B. Medium alloy steel (ka nui o ka maʻiʻo o nā mea hoʻohuihui> 5-10%);C. Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe (ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohuihui ʻia> 10%).
3. Hoʻokaʻawale ma ke ʻano hana
(1) Ke kila forged;(2) Ke kila kila;(3) Ke kila ʻōwili wela;(4) Ke kila huki anu.
4. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka Hui Metallographic
(1) Mokuʻāina Annealed: a.Hypoeutectoid kila (ferrite + pearlite);B. Ke kila Eutectic (pearlite);C. Ke kila Hypereutectoid (pearlite + cementite);D. Ledeburite kila (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Kūlana maʻamau: A. kila pearlitic;B. Ke kila Bainitic;C. kila martensitic;D. Austenitic kila.
(3) ʻAʻohe hoʻololi ʻāpana a i ʻole hoʻololi ʻāpana hapa
5. Hoʻokaʻawale ma ka hoʻohana ʻana
(1) Kūkulu a me ka ʻenekinia kila: a.ʻO ke kila kalapona maʻamau;B. Haʻahaʻa alloy structural steel;C. Ke kila ikaika.
(2) Ke kila kila:
A. Mīkini kila: (a) tempered structural kila;(b) Nā kila hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ka ʻili: me nā kila i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka carburized, ammoniated a me ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili;(c) Ke kila hoʻolālā maʻalahi;(d) Ke kila hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻilika anuanu: me ke kila hoʻoheheʻe anuanu a me ke kila poʻo anu.
B. Ke kila puna
C. Hapai i ke kila
(3) Mea kila: a.Ke kila mea hana kalapona;B. Ke kila kila kila;C. Ke kila mea hana kiʻekiʻe.
(4) Ke kila hana kūikawā: a.Ke kila ʻakika-kūʻole;B. Heat-resistant steel: me ke kila anti-oxidation, ke kila ikaika wela a me ke kila valve;C. Electrothermal alloy kila;D. Ke kila pale lole;E. Haʻahaʻa wela kila;F. Ke kila uila.
(5) Ke kila ʻoihana - e like me ke kila alahaka, ke kila moku, ke kila boiler, ke kila moku kaomi, ke kila mīkini mahiʻai, etc.
6. Hoʻohui piha
(1) Ke kila maʻamau
A. Ke kila kila kila: (a) Q195;(b) Q215 (A, B);(c) Q235 (A, B, C);(d) Q255 (A, B);(e) Q275.
B. Haʻahaʻa alloy structural steel
C. Ke kila kila nui no nā kumu kiko'ī
(2) Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe (me ke kila kiʻekiʻe)
A. Ke kila kila: (a) Ke kila kila kila kiʻekiʻe;(b) Alloy structural steel;(c) puna kila;(d) Ke kila ʻoki maʻalahi;(e) Hapai i ke kila;(f) Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe no nā kumu kikoʻī.
B. Mea kila kila: (a) Carbon mea kila;(b) Ke kila kila kila;(c) Ke kila mea hana kiʻekiʻe.
C. Ke kila hana kūikawā: (a) ke kila kila a me ka ʻakika;(b) Ke kila pale wela;(c) Ke kila wela uila;(d) Ke kila uila;(e) Ke kila aʻaʻahu-kūpono manganese kiʻekiʻe.
7. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe
(1) E like me ke ʻano o ka umu ahi
A. Ke kila hoʻololi: (a) kila hoʻololi waika;(b) Ke kila hoʻololi alkaline.A i ʻole (a) hao hoʻololi i lalo;(b) Ke kila hoʻololi ʻaoʻao;(c) Ke kila hoʻololi i puhi ʻia ma luna.
B. Uila kapuahi kila: (a) Uila kapuahi kila;(b) Electroslag kapuahi kila;(c) ke kila kapuahi induction;(d) Ke kila kapuahi hoʻopau ʻia;(e) Ke kila ipu hao hao.
(2) E like me ka deoxidization degree a me ka ninini ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana
H. Ke kila paila;B. Ke kila Semi-calm;C. Ke kila make;D. Ke kila make kūikawā.

IV.Nānā i ke ʻano o ka helu kila ma Kina

Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka brand huahana e ka hui ʻana i ka alphabet Chinese, ka hōʻailona element chemical a me ka helu Arabic.ʻo ia:
(1) Hōʻike ʻia nā mea kemika i nā helu kila e nā hōʻailona kemika honua, e like me Si, Mn, Cr, a pēlā aku. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohui honua laha ʻole e RE (a i ʻole Xt).
(2) ʻO ka inoa o ka huahana, hoʻohana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā ʻano o ka ninini ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ʻia e nā pōkole o ka phonetics Kina.
(3) Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike o nā mea kemika nui (%) i ke kila e nā helu Arabic.
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka pīʻāpā Kina e hōʻike i ka inoa huahana, hoʻohana, ʻano a me ke ʻano kaʻina hana, koho pinepine ʻia ka leka mua mai ka pīʻāpā Kina e hōʻike i ka inoa huahana.Ke hana hou nei me ka leka i koho ʻia o kekahi huahana ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka leka ʻelua a i ʻole ke kolu, a i ʻole hiki ke koho ʻia ka alphabet mua o ʻelua mau huaʻōlelo Kina i ka manawa like.
Inā ʻaʻohe huaʻōlelo Pākē a i ʻole pīpā Pākē i loaʻa i kēia manawa, ʻo nā hōʻailona he mau leka Pelekane.