I. Mechanical Njirimara nke ígwè
1. Ọnụ ego (σ S)
Mgbe a na-agbatị ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe nlele, mgbe nrụgide ahụ gafere njedebe na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụrụgodị na nrụgide adịghị abawanye ọzọ, nchara ma ọ bụ ihe nlele ga-anọgide na-enwe nrụrụ plastik doro anya.A na-akpọ ihe omume a mkpụrụ, na kacha nta mgbakasị uru mgbe mkpụrụ pụtara bụ ebe mkpụrụ.Ọ bụrụ na Ps bụ ike mpụga na ebe mkpụrụ s na Fo bụ mpaghara obe nke ihe nlele ahụ, mgbe ahụ mkpụrụ okwu σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).
2. Ike mpụta (σ 0.2)
Ebe mkpụrụ nke ụfọdụ ihe igwe anaghị apụta ìhè nke ukwuu ma ọ na-esiri ike ịlele ha.Ya mere, iji tụọ njirimara mkpụrụ nke ihe, a na-akọwapụta na nrụgide na-emepụta nrụrụ plastik na-adịgide adịgide bụ otu uru (n'ozuzu 0.2% nke ogologo mbụ), nke a na-akpọ ike mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ike na-emepụta.0.2.
3. Ike tensile (σ B)
Oke nrụgide ihe na-enweta n'oge esemokwu site na mmalite ruo oge ọ na-agbaji.Ọ na-egosi ike nke ígwè megide imebi.N'ikwekọ na ike mgbatị ahụ bụkwa ike mgbagwoju anya, ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, wdg. Tọọ Pb dị ka ike kachasị ike tupu adọpụ ihe dị iche iche na Fo dị ka akụkụ akụkụ nke ihe atụ, mgbe ahụ, ike ike σ B = Pb / Fo (MPa).
4. Mgbatị (δ S)
Pasent nke elongation plastik nke ihe mgbe ọ gbasasịrị na ogologo ihe nlele mbụ ka a na-akpọ elongation ma ọ bụ elongation.
5. Oke mkpụrụ-ike (σ S/ σ B)
A na-akpọ oke nke ebe mkpụrụ (ike mkpụrụ) nke ígwè na ike nkwụsịtụ ka a na-akpọ oke ike mkpụrụ.Dị elu nke mkpụrụ-ike ruru, elu ntụkwasị obi nke akụkụ nhazi.Oke mkpụrụ-ike nke nchara carbon n'ozuzu bụ 0.6-0.65, na nke ihe nhazi alloy dị ala bụ 0.65-0.75, na nke ihe nhazi alloy bụ 0.84-0.86.
6. Isi ike
Isi ike na-egosi ihe na-eguzogide ihe siri ike na-abanye n'elu ya.Ọ bụ otu n'ime njirimara arụmọrụ dị mkpa nke ihe igwe.Nke dị elu nke ike n'ozuzu, ka mma na-eguzogide iyi.Ihe ngosi isi ike a na-ejikarị bụ Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness na Vickers hardness.
1) Brinell Hardness (HB)
Bọọlụ nchara siri ike nke otu nha (dayameta n'ozuzu ya bụ 10mm) na-agbanye n'elu ihe ahụ na ibu ụfọdụ (n'ozuzu 3000kg) maka oge.Mgbe ebutuchara ya, a na-akpọ oke ibu ahụ na mpaghara indentation Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) Rockwell Hardness (HR)
Mgbe HB>450 ma ọ bụ ihe nlele ahụ pere mpe, enweghị ike iji nha ike ike Rockwell kama nnwale hardness brinell.Ọ bụ cone diamond nke nwere akụkụ dị elu nke ogo 120 ma ọ bụ bọọlụ nchara nke nwere dayameta nke 1.59 na 3.18 mm, nke a na-agbanye n'elu ihe dị n'okpuru ụfọdụ ibu na ike nke ihe na-ekpebi site na omimi nke ihe omimi. ntinye.Enwere akpịrịkpa atọ dị iche iche iji gosi ike nke ihe a nwalere:
HRA: Isi ike enwetara na ibu 60kg yana mgbanaka cone diamond maka ihe siri ike dị ka carbide cimented.
HRB: Isi ike nke enwetara site na ime ka bọọlụ nchara sie ike nke nwere ibu 100kg na dayameta nke 1.58mm.A na-eji ya eme ihe ndị nwere ike dị ala (dịka nchara annealed, nkedo ígwè, wdg).
HRC: Isi ike enwetara site n'iji ibu 150kg na mgbanaka cone diamond maka ihe nwere isi ike dị elu dị ka ígwè siri ike.
3) Vickers ike ike (HV)
A na-agbanye elu ihe ahụ site na mgbanaka cone diamond square nwere ibu na-erughị 120 n'arọ na akụkụ elu nke 136 degrees.A kọwapụtara uru hardness Vickers (HV) site na kewaa mpaghara elu nke ihe nbinye ihe site na uru ibu.
II.Ọla ojii na ọla ndị na-abụghị igwe
1. Ọla ọla
Ọ na-ezo aka na alloy nke ígwè na ígwè.Dị ka ígwè, ígwè ezi, ferroalloy, nkedo ígwè, wdg. ígwè na ezi ígwè bụ alloys dabeere na ígwè na tumadi kwukwara na carbon.A na-akpọkọta ha FERROCARBON alloys.
Ígwè ezi bụ ngwaahịa emere site na agbaze ọla n'ime ọkụ na-agbawa ma a na-ejikarị eme nchara na nkedo.
A na-agbaze ígwè ezi nke anụ ezi n'ime ọkụ na-agbaze ígwè iji nweta ígwè nkedo (ígwè mmiri mmiri nwere ọdịnaya carbon karịrị 2.11%).Tụba mmiri mmiri n'ime igwe nkedo, nke a na-akpọ nkedo.
Ferroalloy bụ alloy mejupụtara ígwè na ihe ndị dị ka silicon, manganese, chromium na titanium.Ferroalloy bụ otu n'ime akụrụngwa maka imepụta nchara ma jiri ya dị ka deoxidizer na mgbakwunye maka ihe alloy na-eme nchara.
Iron-carbon alloy nwere carbon ọdịnaya na-erughị 2.11% nchara.A na-enweta ígwè site n'itinye ígwè ezì maka nchara nchara n'ime ọkụ ọkụ na-agbaze ma gbazee ya dịka usoro ụfọdụ si dị.Ngwaahịa nke igwe na-agụnye ingots, ihe nkedo na-aga n'ihu na nkedo nchara dị iche iche.N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, ígwè na-ezo aka nchara a na-atụgharị n'ime nchara dị iche iche.Eji maka n'ichepụta ọkụ forged na-ekpo ọkụ na-enwe n'ibu akụkụ, oyi adọta na oyi na-atụ ekwe nchara, enweghị nkebi ígwè anwụrụ n'ibu n'ichepụta akụkụ,cnc machining akụkụ, akụkụ nkedo.
2. Igwe anaghị agba nchara
A makwaara dị ka ọla ndị na-adịghị ferrous, na-ezo aka na ọla na alloys ndị ọzọ karịa ọla ferrous, dị ka ọla kọpa, tin, lead, zinc, aluminum and brass, bronze, aluminum alloy and bearing alloys. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, CNC lathe nwere ike ịhazi ihe dị iche iche. gụnyere 316 na 304 igwe anaghị agba nchara, carbon ígwè, carbon ígwè, aluminum alloy, zinc alloy ihe, aluminum alloy, ọla kọpa, ígwè, plastic, acrylic efere, POM, UHWM na ndị ọzọ akụrụngwa, na ike hazie n'ime.CNC ntụgharị akụkụnaCNC-egwe ọka akụkụyana akụkụ ụfọdụ dị mgbagwoju anya nwere akụkụ square na cylindrical.Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten na titanium na ụlọ ọrụ.A na-ejikarị ọla ndị a eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye alloy iji melite njirimara nke ọla, nke a na-eji tungsten, titanium, molybdenum na carbides cimented ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ ịkpụ.A na-akpọ ọla ndị a na-adịghị na-efe efe dị ka ọla ndị mmepụta ihe.Na mgbakwunye, enwere ọla dị oke ọnụ ahịa dịka platinum, ọla edo, ọla ọcha na ọla ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, gụnyere uranium redioaktivu na radium.
III.Nhazi nke ígwè
E wezụga ígwè na carbon, ihe ndị bụ isi nke ígwè gụnyere silicon, manganese, sọlfọ na phosphorus.
Enwere ụzọ nhazi ọkwa dị iche iche maka ígwè, ndị bụ isi bụ ndị a:
1. Kewaa site Ogo
(1) igwe nkịtị (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Nchara dị elu (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Nchara dị elu (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Nhazi site na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ
(1) Carbon ígwè: a.Igwe carbon dị ala (C <0.25%);B. Ọkara carbon ígwè (C <0.25-0.60%);C. Igwe carbon dị elu (C <0.60%).
(2) Alloy ígwè: a.Obere alloy ígwè (ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke ihe alloy <5%);B. Ọkara alloy ígwè (ngụkọta ọdịnaya nke ihe alloy> 5-10%);C. Akwa alloy ígwè (ngụkọta ihe niile alloy element> 10%).
3. Nhazi site n'ịkpụ usoro
(1) Nchara arụrụ arụ;(2) Nkedo ígwè;(3) Nchara na-ekpo ọkụ;(4) Igwe oyi adọtara.
4. Nhazi site na Metallographic Organisation
(1) Steeti annealed: a.Hypoeutectoid ígwè (ferrite + pearlite);B. Eutectic ígwè (pearlite);C. Hypereutectoid ígwè (pearlite + cementite);D. Ledeburite ígwè (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Obere steeti: A. pearlitic ígwè;B. Bainitic ígwè;C. ígwè martensitic;D. Austenitic ígwè.
(3) Enweghị mgbanwe n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ mgbanwe akụkụ akụkụ
5. Kewaa site na iji
(1) Ngwongwo ụlọ na injinia: a.Carbon structural ígwè nkịtị;B. Low alloy structural ígwè;C. Nchara agbanyere.
(2) Nchara arụrụ arụ:
A. igwe igwe: (a) nchara arụrụ arụ;(b) Ngwongwo nhazi nke na-eme ka ike sie ike: gụnyere carburized, amoniated na nchara siri ike elu;(c) Nchara nhazi nke dị mfe ịkpụ;(d) rọba oyi na-akpụ ígwè: gụnyere oyi stamping ígwè na oyi heading ígwè.
B. Mmiri ígwè
C. Na-ebu ígwè
(3) Ngwá ọrụ igwe: a.Carbon ngwá ọrụ ígwè;B. Alloy ngwá ọrụ ígwè;C. Ngwá ọrụ ngwa ngwa dị elu.
(4) Nchara arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche: a.Igwe anaghị agba nchara na-eguzogide acid;B. Igwe na-eguzogide okpomọkụ: gụnyere mgbochi oxidation ígwè, ígwè na-ekpo ọkụ na valve ígwè;C. Electrothermal alloy ígwè;D. Nchara na-eguzogide iyi;E. Igwe ọkụ dị ala;F. Igwe ọkụ eletrik.
(5) Ọkachamara ígwè - dị ka àkwà mmiri ígwè, ụgbọ mmiri ígwè, ji esi mmiri ọkụ ígwè, mgbali ụgbọ ígwè, ugbo ígwè ígwè, wdg.
6. Nhazi zuru oke
(1) Nchara nkịtị
A. Carbon nhazi ígwè: (a) Q195;(b) Q215 (A, B);(c) Q235 (A, B, C);(d) Q255 (A, B);(e) Q275.
B. Low alloy structural ígwè
C. General structural steel maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ
(2) Nchara dị elu (gụnyere igwe dị elu)
A. Nrụpụta nchara: (a) Carbon structural steel dị elu;(b) Alloy structural ígwè;(c) igwe mmiri;(d) Nchara dị mfe ịkpụ;(e) Nchara na-ebu;(f) Nchara nhazi dị elu maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ.
B. Ngwá ọrụ ígwè: (a) Carbon ngwá ọrụ ígwè;(b) Alloy ngwá ọrụ ígwè;(c) Nchara ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa.
C. Nchara arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche: (a) igwe anaghị agba nchara na acid na-eguzogide;(b) ígwè na-eguzogide okpomọkụ;(c) Igwe ọkụ ọkụ eletrik;(d) igwe eletrik;(e) Nchara na-eguzogide nnukwu manganese.
7. Nhazi site na usoro mgbaze
(1) Dị ka ọkụ ụdị
A. Ntụgharị nchara: (a) nchara ngbanwe acid;(b) Nchara ngbanwe alkaline.Ma ọ bụ (a) nchara ngbanwe gbawara agbawa;(b) Nchara ngbanwe n'akụkụ;(c) Nchara ngbanwe fụrụ elu.
B. Igwe ọkụ eletrik igwe: (a) Igwe ọkụ ọkụ eletrik igwe;(b) Electroslag igwe ọkụ;(c) nchara igwe induction;(d) Ngwongwo nchara na-eri ihe n'ọkụ;(e) Electron doo ọkụ nchara.
(2) Dị ka deoxidization ogo na wụsa usoro
A. Nchara nchara;B. Nchara nke dị jụụ;C. Egburu ígwè;D. Special gburu ígwè.
IV.Nchịkọta nke usoro nnọchi anya ọnụọgụ igwe na China
A na-anọchi anya akara ngwaahịa a site na ijikọta mkpụrụedemede ndị China, akara mmewere kemịkalụ na ọnụọgụ Arabic.Ya bụ:
(1) Ihe njiri mara kemịkalụ kemịkalụ mba ụwa na-anọchi anya ihe ndị dị na ọnụọgụ igwe, dị ka Si, Mn, Cr, wdg. Ihe ndị agwakọtara obere ụwa bụ RE (ma ọ bụ Xt).
(2) Aha ngwaahịa, ojiji, ụzọ mgbaze na ịwụsa, wdg, na-egosipụtakarị site na mbiri nke ụda olu ndị China.
(3) Ọdịnaya nke ihe ndị bụ isi kemịkalụ (%) n'ime igwe ka ejiri ọnụọgụ Arabic egosipụta.
Mgbe ị na-eji mkpụrụedemede Chinese iji nọchite anya aha ngwaahịa, ojiji, njirimara na usoro nhazi, a na-ahọrọkarị mkpụrụedemede mbụ site na mkpụrụedemede China ka ọ nọchite anya aha ngwaahịa.Mgbe ị na-ekwughachi na mkpụrụedemede ahọpụtara nke ngwaahịa ọzọ, enwere ike iji mkpụrụedemede nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ, ma ọ bụ enwere ike họrọ mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke mkpụrụedemede China abụọ n'otu oge.
Ebe enweghị mkpụrụedemede China ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede China dị ugbu a, akara ga-abụ mkpụrụedemede Bekee.
Oge nzipu: Dec-12-2022