Chidziwitso chachitsulo

I. Makina azitsulo

1. Malo otulutsa ( σ S)
Chitsulo kapena chitsanzo chikatambasulidwa, pamene kupanikizika kumapitirira malire otanuka, ngakhale kupsinjika maganizo sikukuwonjezeka, chitsulo kapena chitsanzo chidzapitirizabe kusokoneza pulasitiki.Chodabwitsa ichi chimatchedwa zokolola, ndipo mtengo wochepetsetsa wochepa pamene zokolola zimachitika ndi malo okolola.Ngati Ps ndi mphamvu yakunja pa zokolola s ndi Fo ndi gawo la gawo lachitsanzo, ndiye kuti zokolola σ S = Ps / Fo (MPa).

2. Mphamvu zokolola ( σ 0.2)
Zokolola zazinthu zina zachitsulo sizowoneka bwino ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuziyeza.Choncho, pofuna kuyeza zokolola katundu wa zipangizo, akuti kupsyinjika kubala okhazikika yotsalira mapindikidwe pulasitiki ndi ofanana ndi mtengo wina (nthawi zambiri 0,2% ya kutalika kwapachiyambi), amene amatchedwa zovomerezeka zokolola mphamvu kapena zokolola mphamvu.ku 0.2.
3. Kulimba Kwambiri ( σ B)
Kupsyinjika kwakukulu kwa chinthu kumapindula panthawi yachisokonezo kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka nthawi yomwe imasweka.Zimasonyeza mphamvu yachitsulo polimbana ndi kusweka.Zogwirizana ndi mphamvu zowonongeka ndizonso mphamvu zopondereza, mphamvu zowonongeka, ndi zina zotero. Khazikitsani Pb ngati mphamvu yowonongeka isanatengedwe ndi Fo monga gawo la gawo lachitsanzo, ndiye mphamvu yowonongeka σ B = Pb / Fo (MPa).
4. Elongation ( δ S)
Kuchuluka kwa kutalika kwa pulasitiki kwa chinthu pambuyo posweka mpaka kutalika kwachitsanzo choyambirira kumatchedwa elongation kapena elongation.
5. Chiŵerengero cha mphamvu zokolola ( σ S/ σ B)
Chiyerekezo cha mfundo zokolola (mphamvu zokolola) za chitsulo ku mphamvu zamakokedwe zimatchedwa chiŵerengero cha mphamvu zokolola.Kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero cha zokolola-mphamvu, kumapangitsanso kudalirika kwa zigawo zamagulu.The zokolola-mphamvu chiŵerengero cha general carbon zitsulo ndi 0.6-0.65, ndi otsika aloyi structural zitsulo ndi 0.65-0.75, ndi aloyi structural zitsulo ndi 0.84-0.86.
6. Kuuma
Kuuma kumawonetsa kukana kwazinthu kuzinthu zolimba zomwe zikukankhira pamwamba pake.Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakugwira ntchito kwazinthu zachitsulo.Apamwamba kuuma ambiri, bwino kuvala kukana.Zizindikiro zowuma zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness ndi Vickers hardness.
1) Kuuma kwa Brinell (HB)
Mipira yachitsulo yolimba ya kukula kwake (m'mimba mwake nthawi zambiri imakhala 10mm) imakanikizidwa pamwamba pa zinthuzo ndi katundu wina (nthawi zambiri 3000kg) kwa nthawi.Pambuyo potsitsa, chiŵerengero cha katundu kumalo olowera kumatchedwa Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) Kuuma kwa Rockwell (HR)
Pamene HB>450 kapena chitsanzocho chiri chochepa kwambiri, muyeso wa kuuma kwa Rockwell sungagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwa Brinell hardness test.Ndi cone ya diamondi yokhala ndi ngodya yapamwamba ya madigiri 120 kapena mpira wachitsulo wokhala ndi mainchesi 1.59 ndi 3.18 mm, womwe umakanizidwa pamwamba pa zinthuzo pansi pa katundu wina ndipo kuuma kwa zinthu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuya kwa kulowetsa.Pali masikelo atatu osiyanasiyana osonyeza kuuma kwa zinthu zoyesedwa:
HRA: Kulimba kopezedwa ndi katundu wolemera 60 kg ndi chosindikizira cha diamondi cholumikizira zinthu zolimba kwambiri monga ma carbides omangidwa.
HRB: Kuuma kopezedwa mwa kuumitsa mpira wachitsulo ndi katundu wa 100kg ndi m'mimba mwake 1.58mm.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zolimba kwambiri (monga chitsulo chosungunuka, chitsulo chosungunuka, ndi zina).
HRC: Kulimba komwe kumapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito katundu wa 150 kg ndi chosindikizira cha diamondi cholumikizira zinthu zolimba kwambiri monga chitsulo cholimba.
3) Vickers Kuuma (HV)
Zomwe zili pamwambazi zimapanikizidwa ndi chosindikizira cha diamondi square cone chokhala ndi katundu wosakwana 120 kg ndi ngodya yapamwamba ya madigiri 136.The Vickers hardness value (HV) imatanthauzidwa ndikugawaniza malo ozungulira azinthu potengera mtengo wa katundu.

II.Zitsulo Zakuda ndi Zopanda chitsulo

1. Zitsulo zachitsulo
Amatanthauza aloyi wachitsulo ndi chitsulo.Monga chitsulo, chitsulo cha nkhumba, ferroalloy, chitsulo chosungunuka, ndi zina zotero. Chitsulo ndi chitsulo cha nkhumba ndi aloyi opangidwa ndi chitsulo ndipo makamaka amawonjezeredwa ndi carbon.Onse pamodzi amatchedwa FERROCARBON alloys.
Chitsulo cha nkhumba ndi chinthu chomwe chimapangidwa posungunula chitsulo m'ng'anjo yophulika ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zitsulo ndi kuponyera.
Chitsulo cha nkhumba chimasungunuka mu ng'anjo yachitsulo kuti ipeze chitsulo chosungunuka (chitsulo chamadzimadzi chokhala ndi mpweya woposa 2.11%).Ponyani chitsulo chosungunula chamadzimadzi chomwe chimatchedwa chitsulo chosungunuka.
Ferroalloy ndi aloyi wopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi zinthu monga silicon, manganese, chromium ndi titaniyamu.Ferroalloy ndi imodzi mwazinthu zopangira zitsulo ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati deoxidizer komanso zowonjezera pazinthu za alloy popanga zitsulo.
Iron-carbon alloy yokhala ndi mpweya wochepera 2.11% imatchedwa chitsulo.Chitsulo chimapezeka poyika chitsulo cha nkhumba chopangira zitsulo mu ng'anjo yopangira zitsulo ndikuchisungunula motsatira ndondomeko inayake.Zogulitsa zachitsulo zimaphatikizapo ma ingots, ma billets opitilira apo komanso kuponya mwachindunji kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazitsulo.Nthawi zambiri, chitsulo chimatanthawuza chitsulo chokulungidwa muzitsulo zosiyanasiyana.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zamakina zotentha komanso zotenthetsera, zokokedwa ndi zitsulo zoziziritsa kukhosi, zida zopangira zida zachitsulo zopanda msoko,magawo a cnc Machining, kuponya ziwalo.
2. Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo
Zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti zitsulo zopanda chitsulo, zimatanthawuza zitsulo ndi ma alloys ena osati zitsulo zachitsulo, monga mkuwa, malata, lead, zinki, aluminiyamu ndi mkuwa, mkuwa, aluminiyamu alloy ndi ma alloys okhala. Mwachitsanzo, CNC lathe imatha kukonza zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza 316 ndi 304 mbale zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, mpweya zitsulo, carbon zitsulo, zotayidwa aloyi, nthaka aloyi zipangizo, zotayidwa aloyi, mkuwa, chitsulo, pulasitiki, akiliriki mbale, POM, UHWM ndi zipangizo zina, ndipo akhoza pokonza muCNC kutembenuza magawondiCNC mphero zigawokomanso magawo ena ovuta okhala ndi masikweya ndi ma cylindrical.Kuphatikiza apo, chromium, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten ndi titaniyamu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'makampani.Zitsulozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera zowonjezera kuti zithandizire zitsulo, momwe tungsten, titaniyamu, molybdenum ndi ma carbides ena opangidwa ndi simenti amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida zodulira.Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo izi zimatchedwa zitsulo zamakampani.Kuphatikiza apo, pali zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga platinamu, golide, siliva ndi zitsulo zosowa, kuphatikizapo uranium ndi radium.

III.Gulu la Zitsulo

Kuphatikiza pa chitsulo ndi kaboni, zinthu zazikulu zachitsulo zimaphatikizapo silicon, manganese, sulfure ndi phosphorous.
Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zitsulo, ndipo zazikulu ndi izi:
1. Sankhani malinga ndi Ubwino
(1) Chitsulo wamba (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Chitsulo chapamwamba (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Chitsulo chapamwamba (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Gulu ndi mankhwala
(1) Chitsulo cha carbon: a.Chitsulo chochepa cha carbon (C <0,25%);B. Sing'anga carbon steel (C <0.25-0.60%);C. High carbon steel (C <0,60%).
(2) Chitsulo chachitsulo: a.Chitsulo chochepa cha alloy (chiwerengero chonse cha zinthu za alloy <5%);B. Sing'anga aloyi chitsulo (chiwerengero zili aloyi zinthu> 5-10%);C. High alloy zitsulo (total alloy element content > 10%).
3. Gulu popanga njira
(1) Chitsulo chopanga;(2) Chitsulo choponyera;(3) Chitsulo choyaka moto;(4) Chitsulo chozizira chokoka.
4. Gulu ndi Metallographic Organization
(1) Chikhalidwe chowonjezera: a.Chitsulo cha Hypoeutectoid (ferrite + pearlite);B. Eutectic zitsulo (pearlite);C. Chitsulo cha Hypereutectoid (pearlite + cementite);D. Ledeburite zitsulo (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Normalized boma: A. pearlitic chitsulo;B. Chitsulo cha Bainitic;C. martensitic zitsulo;D. Chitsulo cha Austenitic.
(3) Palibe kusintha kwa gawo kapena kusintha kwa gawo
5. Sankhani mwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito
(1) Chitsulo cha zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga: a.Wamba mpweya structural zitsulo;B. Low aloyi structural zitsulo;C. Chitsulo cholimbitsa.
(2) Chitsulo:
A. Makina achitsulo: (a) zitsulo zokhazikika;(b) Zitsulo zolimba zapamwamba: kuphatikiza zitsulo za carburized, ammoniated ndi pamwamba;(c) Chitsulo chosavuta chodula;(d) Chitsulo chozizira cha pulasitiki: kuphatikiza chitsulo chozizira ndi chitsulo chozizira.
B. Chitsulo cha masika
C. Kukhala ndi zitsulo
(3) Chitsulo chachitsulo: a.Chitsulo cha carbon;B. Aloyi chida chitsulo;C. Chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri.
(4) Chitsulo chapadera cha ntchito: a.Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosapanga asidi;B. Chitsulo chosamva kutentha: kuphatikizapo zitsulo zotsutsa-oxidation, zitsulo zotentha kwambiri ndi zitsulo za valve;C. Electrothermal aloyi zitsulo;D. Chitsulo chosamva kuvala;E. Low kutentha zitsulo;F. Chitsulo chamagetsi.
(5) Professional zitsulo - monga zitsulo mlatho, sitima zitsulo, boiler zitsulo, kuthamanga chombo zitsulo, ulimi makina zitsulo, etc.
6. Magulu Athunthu
(1) Chitsulo wamba
A. Chitsulo cha carbon: (a) Q195;(b) Q215 (A, B);(c) Q235 (A, B, C);(d) Q255 (A, B);(e) Q275.
B. Low aloyi structural zitsulo
C. General structural zitsulo zolinga zenizeni
(2) Chitsulo chapamwamba (kuphatikiza chitsulo chapamwamba)
A. Structural zitsulo: (a) High khalidwe mpweya structural zitsulo;(b) Aloyi structural chitsulo;(c) zitsulo zachitsulo;(d) Chitsulo chosavuta;(e) Kukhala ndi chitsulo;(f) Chitsulo chapamwamba kwambiri pazifukwa zinazake.
B. Chitsulo chachitsulo: (a) Chitsulo cha carbon;(b) Chitsulo cha aloyi;(c) Chitsulo chothamanga kwambiri.
C. Chitsulo chapadera cha ntchito: (a) chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi asidi;(b) Chitsulo chosamva kutentha;(c) Chitsulo chazitsulo zamagetsi;(d) Chitsulo chamagetsi;(e) Chitsulo chachikulu cha manganese chosamva kuvala.
7. Gulu mwa Njira Yosungunulira
(1) Malinga ndi mtundu wa ng'anjo
A. Chitsulo chosinthira: (a) chitsulo chosinthira asidi;(b) Chitsulo chosinthira zamchere.Kapena (a) chitsulo chosinthira kumunsi;(b) Chitsulo chosinthira mbali;(c) Chitsulo chowomberedwa pamwamba kwambiri.
B. Chitsulo cha ng'anjo yamagetsi: (a) Chitsulo cha ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi;(b) Chitsulo cha ng'anjo ya Electroslag;(c) zitsulo zopangira ng'anjo;(d) Vacuum consumable ng'anjo zitsulo;(e) Chitsulo cha ng'anjo ya electron.
(2) Malinga ndi digiri ya deoxidization ndi kutsanulira dongosolo
A. Chitsulo chowira;B. Chitsulo chokhazikika;C. Anapha zitsulo;D. Chitsulo chapadera chophedwa.

IV.Chidule cha Njira Yoyimira Nambala Yachitsulo ku China

Mtundu wamtunduwu umayimiriridwa ndikuphatikiza zilembo zaku China, chizindikiro chamankhwala ndi nambala yachiarabu.Ndiko kuti:
(1) Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzitsulo zachitsulo zimayimiridwa ndi zizindikiro za mankhwala apadziko lonse, monga Si, Mn, Cr, ndi zina zotero. Zinthu zosakanizidwa zapadziko lapansi zosadziwika zimayimiridwa ndi RE (kapena Xt).
(2) Dzina la malonda, kugwiritsa ntchito, kusungunula ndi kutsanulira njira, ndi zina zambiri, zimafotokozedwa ndi chidule cha mawu achi China.
(3) Zomwe zili muzinthu zazikulu zamakina (%) muzitsulo zimawonetsedwa ndi manambala achiarabu.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zilembo zaku China kuyimira dzina lachinthu, kugwiritsa ntchito, mawonekedwe ndi njira yopangira, chilembo choyamba chimasankhidwa kuchokera ku zilembo zaku China kuyimira dzina lazinthu.Pobwereza ndi chilembo chosankhidwa cha mankhwala ena, chilembo chachiwiri kapena chachitatu chingagwiritsidwe ntchito, kapena zilembo zoyambirira za zilembo ziwiri za Chitchaina zitha kusankhidwa nthawi imodzi.
Pomwe palibe zilembo zaku China kapena zilembo zaku China zomwe zilipo pakadali pano, zizindikilo zizikhala zilembo zachingerezi.