Ulwazi lwentsimbi

I. Iipropati zeMechanical zentsimbi

1. Indawo yesivuno ( σ)
Xa intsimbi okanye isampuli isoluliwe, xa uxinzelelo ludlula umda we-elastic, nokuba uxinzelelo alunyuki, intsimbi okanye isampuli iya kuqhubeka ingena kwi-deformation yeplastiki ebonakalayo.Lo mcimbi ubizwa ngokuba yi- yield, kwaye ubuncinci bexabiso loxinzelelo xa isivuno senzeka linqanaba lesivuno.Ukuba i-Ps ingamandla angaphandle kwinqanaba lesivuno s kunye ne-Fo yindawo enqamlezileyo yesampuli, ngoko i-chield point σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).

2. Amandla okuvelisa ( σ 0.2)
Inqaku lesivuno sezinye izinto zetsimbi azibonakali kakhulu kwaye kunzima ukuzilinganisa.Ngoko ke, ukuze kulinganiswe iimpawu zemveliso yezinto eziphathekayo, kuchazwe ukuba uxinzelelo oluvelisa i-deformation yeplastiki ehlala isigxina ilingana nexabiso elithile (ngokubanzi i-0.2% yobude bokuqala), ebizwa ngokuba yi-conditional isivuno amandla okanye amandla emveliso.σ 0.2.
3. Amandla Okuqina ( σ B)
Olona xinzelelo luphezulu lwezinto eziphunyezwayo ngexesha loxinzelelo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya kwixesha lokuphuka.Ibonisa amandla entsimbi ngokuchasene nokuqhekeka.Ngokuhambelana namandla okuqina nawo amandla acinezelayo, amandla okuguquguquka, njl. Fo (MPa).
4. Ubude ( δ S)
Ipesenti yobude beplastiki yemathiriyeli emva kokuqhekezwa kubude besampulu yokuqala ibizwa ngokuba ngubude okanye ulwalulo.
5. Umlinganiselo wesivuno-amandla ( σ S/ σ B)
Umlinganiselo wenqaku lesivuno (amandla esivuno) wentsimbi ukuya kumandla okuqina ubizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiselo wamandla esivuno.Ukuphakama komlinganiselo wesivuno-amandla, kuphezulu ukuthembeka kweendawo zesakhiwo.Umlinganiselo wesivuno-amandla we-carbon steel jikelele yi-0.6-0.65, kwaye i-alloy ephantsi yesakhiwo sensimbi yi-0.65-0.75, kunye ne-alloy structural steel 0.84-0.86.
6. Ukuqina
Ubunzima bubonisa ukuxhathisa kwezinto kwizinto ezinzima ezicinezela kumphezulu wayo.Ngenye yezalathisi ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kwezinto zetsimbi.Ukuphakama kobunzima obuqhelekileyo, ngcono ukuxhathisa ukunxiba.Izalathi zokuqina eziqhele ukusetyenziswa bubulukhuni beBrinell, ukuqina kweRockwell kunye nobulukhuni beVickers.
1) Ukuqina kweBrinell (HB)
Iibhola zetsimbi eziqinileyo zobukhulu obuthile (ububanzi ngokuqhelekileyo yi-10mm) zixinzelelwe kumphezulu wezinto eziphathekayo kunye nomthwalo othile (ngokubanzi 3000kg) ixesha elithile.Emva kokukhulula, umlinganiselo womthwalo kwindawo yokungena ubizwa ngokuba yiBrinell Hardness (HB).
2) Ukuqina kweRockwell (HR)
Xa i-HB>450 okanye isampulu incinci kakhulu, umlinganiselo wobulukhuni be-Rockwell awunakusetyenziswa endaweni yovavanyo lobulukhuni be-Brinell.I-cone yedayimane ene-angle ephezulu yee-degrees ze-120 okanye ibhola yensimbi kunye nobubanzi be-1.59 kunye ne-3.18 mm, ecinezelekile ebusweni bezinto eziphantsi kwemithwalo ethile kunye nobunzima bezinto eziphathekayo bugqitywe ngobunzulu be ukuhlenga.Kukho izikali ezithathu ezahlukeneyo ukubonisa ubulukhuni bemathiriyeli evavanyiweyo:
I-HRA: Ukuqina okufunyenwe ngomthwalo we-60 kg kunye nekhowuni yedayimane yokucofa-ngaphakathi kwizinto ezilukhuni kakhulu ezifana neekhabhidi ezinesamente.
I-HRB: Ubunzima obufunyenwe ngokuqinisa ibhola yentsimbi kunye nomthwalo we-100kg kunye nobubanzi be-1.58mm.Isetyenziselwa izinto ezinobulukhuni obusezantsi (umzekelo, intsimbi ene-annealed, cast iron, njl.).
I-HRC: Ubunzima obufunyenwe ngokusebenzisa umthwalo we-150 kg kunye ne-diamond cone press-in kwizinto ezinobunzima obuphezulu njengentsimbi eqinile.
3) Ukuqina kweVickers (HV)
Umphezulu wezinto eziphathekayo ucinezele i-diamond square cone press kunye nomthwalo ongaphantsi kwe-120 kg kunye ne-angle ephezulu ye-136 degrees.Ixabiso le-Vickers hardness (HV) lichazwa ngokwahlula indawo engaphezulu ye-indentation recess yezinto ngexabiso lomthwalo.

II.Iintsimbi eziMnyama kunye neentsimbi ezingezizo ezoni

1. Iintsimbi zentsimbi
Ibhekisa kwingxubevange yentsimbi kunye nentsimbi.Okufana nentsimbi, i-iron yehagu, i-ferroalloy, i-iron cast, njl.Ngokudibeneyo zibizwa ngokuba yi-FERROCARBON alloys.
Intsimbi yehagu yimveliso eyenziwe ngokunyibilikisa intsimbi ekrwada kwi blast furnace kwaye isetyenziswa ikakhulu ekwenzeni intsimbi kunye nokuphosa.
I-Cast pig iron inyibilika kwiziko lokunyibilikisa isinyithi ukufumana i-iron etyhidiweyo (i-iron elulwelo enomxholo wekhabhoni engaphezu kwe-2.11%).Phosa ulwelo lwentsimbi kwintsimbi etyhidiweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yintsimbi.
I-Ferroalloy yi-alloy eyenziwe ngentsimbi kunye nezinto ezifana ne-silicon, i-manganese, i-chromium kunye ne-titanium.I-Ferroalloy yenye yezinto eziluhlaza zokwenza intsimbi kwaye isetyenziswa njenge-deoxidizer kunye ne-additive for alloy elements ekwenzeni intsimbi.
I-iron-carbon alloy enomxholo wekhabhoni ngaphantsi kwe-2.11% ibizwa ngokuba yintsimbi.Intsimbi ifunyanwa ngokubeka intsimbi yehagu ukuze kwenziwe intsimbi kwiziko lokunyibilikisa intsimbi kwaye iyinyibilikise ngokwenkqubo ethile.Iimveliso zetsimbi ziquka iingots, iibhilidi eziqhubekayo zokuphosa kunye nokuphosa ngokuthe ngqo kweentsimbi ezahlukeneyo.Ngokuqhelekileyo, intsimbi ibhekisela kwintsimbi ehlanganiswe kwiintsimbi ezahlukeneyo.Isetyenziselwa ukwenza iindawo ezishushu ezakhiweyo kunye nezicinezelweyo ezishushu, ezotyiweyo ezibandayo kunye nentloko ebandayo yentsimbi, umbhobho wentsimbi ongenamthungo amacandelo okwenziwa koomatshini,cnc iindawo zomatshini, iindawo zokuphosa.
2. Iintsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous
Ikwabizwa ngokuba ziintsimbi ezingezizo ezoni, ibhekisa kwisinyithi kunye ne-alloys ngaphandle kwesinyithi, njengobhedu, i-tin, ilothe, i-zinc, i-aluminiyam kunye nobhedu, ubhedu, i-alloy ye-aluminium kunye ne-alloys yokuthwala.Ngokomzekelo, i-CNC lathe inokucubungula izinto ezahlukeneyo kubandakanywa 316 kunye 304 iipleyiti steel stainless, carbon steel, carbon steel, aluminiyam ingxubevange, izinto ingxubevange zinc, ingxubevange aluminiyam, ubhedu, intsimbi, iplastiki, iipleyiti acrylic, POM, UHWM kunye nezinye izinto ekrwada, kwaye inkqubo ibeCNC ukuguqula iindawokwayeCNC milling iinxalenyekunye namanye amacandelo anzima anezikwere kunye nezakhiwo ze-cylindrical.Ukongeza, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-manganese, i-molybdenum, i-cobalt, i-vanadium, i-tungsten kunye ne-titanium nayo isetyenziswa kwishishini.Ezi zinyithi zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezongezo ze-alloy zokuphucula iimpawu zetsimbi, apho i-tungsten, i-titanium, i-molybdenum kunye nezinye i-carbides ene-cemented zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo zokusika.Ezi zinyithi ezingenayo i-ferrous zibizwa ngokuba ziintsimbi zemizi-mveliso.Ukongeza, kukho iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo ezifana neplatinam, igolide, isilivere kunye neentsimbi ezinqabileyo, kuquka iuranium eneradioactive kunye neradium.

III.Ukuhlelwa kweNsimbi

Ngaphandle kwentsimbi kunye nekhabhoni, izinto eziphambili zentsimbi ziquka i-silicon, i-manganese, isulfure kunye ne-phosphorus.
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlela intsimbi, kwaye ezona ziphambili zezi zilandelayo:
1. Hlela ngokoMgangatho
(1) Intsimbi eqhelekileyo (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Umgangatho ophezulu wentsimbi (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Intsimbi ephezulu (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Ukuhlelwa ngokwemichiza
(1) Intsimbi yekhabhoni: a.Insimbi ye-carbon ephantsi (C <0.25%);B. Medium carbon steel (C <0.25-0.60%);C. High carbon steel (C <0.60%).
(2) Intsimbi yengxubevange: a.Insimbi ye-alloy ephantsi (umxholo opheleleyo wezinto ze-alloy <5%);B. Insimbi ye-alloy ephakathi (umxholo opheleleyo wezinto ze-alloy> 5-10%);C. Insimbi ephezulu ye-alloy (into yonke ye-alloy element> 10%).
3. Ukuhlelwa ngokwendlela yokwenza
(1) Intsimbi eyenziweyo;(2) Intsimbi yokuphosa;(3) Intsimbi eshushu eqengqelekayo;(4) Intsimbi ebandayo.
4. Ukuhlelwa nguMbutho weMetallographic
(1) Imeko echasiweyo: a.Intsimbi ye-Hypoeutectoid (i-ferrite + pearlite);B. Intsimbi ye-Eutectic (pearlite);C. Intsimbi ye-hypereutectoid (pearlite + cementite);D. Ledeburite intsimbi (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Isimo esiqhelekileyo: A. intsimbi yepearlitic;B. Intsimbi ye-Bainitic;C. intsimbi ye-martensitic;D. intsimbi Austenitic.
(3) Akukho tshintsho lwesigaba okanye inxalenye yesigaba
5. Hlela ngokuSebenzisa
(1) Ulwakhiwo kunye nentsimbi yobunjineli: a.Intsimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni eqhelekileyo;B. Intsimbi yesakhiwo esisezantsi;C. Intsimbi eyomeleziweyo.
(2) Intsimbi yolwakhiwo:
A. Oomatshini bentsimbi: (a) intsimbi epholileyo yesakhiwo;(b) Iintsimbi zesakhiwo ezenza lukhuni: kubandakanywa iintsimbi ezifakwe i-carburized, i-ammoniated kunye ne-surface solids;(c) Intsimbi yolwakhiwo olusika lula;(d) Iplastiki ebandayo eyenza intsimbi: kubandakanywa intsimbi ebandayo yesitampu kunye nentsimbi yesihloko ebandayo.
B. intsimbi yasentwasahlobo
C. Ukuthwala intsimbi
(3) Isixhobo sentsimbi: a.Isixhobo sekhabhoni yensimbi;B. Isixhobo sentsimbi yentsimbi;C. Isixhobo esinesantya esiphezulu sentsimbi.
(4) Intsimbi yokusebenza ekhethekileyo: a.Intsimbi enganyangekiyo ene-asidi;B. Intsimbi ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu: kubandakanywa intsimbi yokuchasana ne-oxidation, intsimbi yokushisa ukushisa kunye nentsimbi yevalve;C. Electrothermal alloy steel;D. Intsimbi enganyangekiyo;E. Intsimbi yobushushu obuphantsi;F. Intsimbi yombane.
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6. UHlelo oluBanzi
(1) Intsimbi eqhelekileyo
A. Intsimbi yesakhiwo seCarbon: (a) Q195;(b) Q215 (A, B);(c) Q235 (A, B, C);(d) Q255 (A, B);(e) Q275.
B. Intsimbi yesakhiwo esisezantsi
C. Intsimbi yesakhiwo ngokubanzi ngeenjongo ezithile
(2) Intsimbi ekumgangatho ophezulu (kubandakanywa nentsimbi ekumgangatho ophezulu)
A. Intsimbi yolwakhiwo: (a) Umgangatho ophezulu wekhabhoni yesakhiwo sentsimbi;(b) Ingxubevange yentsimbi yolwakhiwo;(c) intsimbi yomthombo;(d) Intsimbi esikwa lula;(e) Ukuthwala intsimbi;(f) Umgangatho ophezulu wentsimbi yolwakhiwo ngeenjongo ezithile.
B. Intsimbi yesixhobo: (a) Intsimbi yesixhobo seCarbon;(b) Isixhobo sentsimbi;(c) Intsimbi yesixhobo esinesantya esiphezulu.
C. Intsimbi yokusebenza ekhethekileyo: (a) insimbi engenasici kunye ne-asidi-resistant;(b) Intsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu;(c) Intsimbi yombane yobushushu bentsimbi;(d) Intsimbi yombane;(e) Intsimbi ephezulu yemanganese engagugiyo.
7. Ukuhlelwa ngokweNdlela yokuNyibilika
(1) Ngokohlobo lwesithando somlilo
A. Intsimbi yokuguqula: (a) intsimbi yokuguqula iasidi;(b) Intsimbi yokuguqula ialkaline.Okanye (a) intsimbi yokuguqula ephantsi;(b) Intsimbi yokuguqula esecaleni;(c) Isiguquli sentsimbi evuthelweyo.
B. Intsimbi yesithando sombane: (a) Intsimbi yesithando sombane;(b) Intsimbi ye-Electroslag;(c) intsimbi yesithando somlilo;(d) Vacuum intsimbi yomlilo esetyenziswayo;(e) Intsimbi yentsimbi ye-electron.
(2) Ngokwe-deoxidization degree kunye nenkqubo yokuthulula
A. Intsimbi ebilayo;B. Intsimbi epholileyo;C. Intsimbi ebuleweyo;D. Intsimbi ekhethekileyo ebuleweyo.

IV.Isishwankathelo seNdlela yokuMelelwa kweNombolo yeNsimbi eTshayina

Uphawu lwemveliso ngokubanzi lumelwe ngokudibanisa ialfabhethi yesiTshayina, isimboli yekhemikhali kunye nenombolo yesiArabhu.Yiyo i:
(1) Izinto zekhemikhali kumanani entsimbi zimelwe ziisimboli zekhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe, ezifana noSi, Mn, Cr, njl.
(2) Igama lemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, ukunyibilikisa kunye neendlela zokugalela, njl., ngokuqhelekileyo zibonakaliswa ngezifinyezo zefonetiki yaseTshayina.
(3) Umxholo weekhemikhali eziphambili (%) kwintsimbi ubonakaliswa ngamanani esiArabhu.
Xa usebenzisa ialfabhethi yesiTshayina ukumela igama lemveliso, ukusetyenziswa, iimpawu kunye nendlela yenkqubo, unobumba wokuqala udla ngokukhethwa kwialfabhethi yesiTshayina ukumela igama lemveliso.Xa uphinda unobumba okhethiweyo wenye imveliso, unobumba wesibini okanye wesithathu unokusetyenziswa, okanye i-alfabhethi yokuqala yoonobumba ababini baseTshayina inokukhethwa ngaxeshanye.
Apho kungekho mibhalo yesiTshayina okanye ialfabhethi yesiTshayina ekhoyo okwangoku, iisimboli ziya kuba ngoonobumba besiNgesi.