Ulwazi lwensimbi

I. Izakhiwo zensimbi zensimbi

1. Iphoyinti lokukhiqiza ( σ S)
Lapho insimbi noma isampula yeluliwe, lapho ukucindezeleka kudlula umkhawulo wokunwebeka, ngisho noma ukucindezeleka kungaphinde kwandiswe, insimbi noma isampula izoqhubeka nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okusobala.Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi yi- yield, futhi inani elincane lokucindezeleka lapho isivuno senzeka iphuzu lesivuno.Uma i-Ps ingamandla angaphandle endaweni yesivuno s futhi i-Fo iyindawo yesiqephu esiphambene, bese iphoyinti lokukhiqiza σ S = Ps/Fo (MPa).

2. Amandla okukhiqiza ( σ 0.2)
Iphuzu lokukhiqiza lezinye izinto zensimbi alibonakali kakhulu futhi kunzima ukulilinganisa.Ngakho-ke, ukuze kulinganiswe izakhiwo zokukhiqiza zezinto zokwakha, kuchazwe ukuthi ukucindezeleka okukhiqiza ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki okuhlala unomphela kulingana nenani elithile (ngokuvamile u-0.2% wobude bokuqala), okubizwa ngokuthi amandla okuvunwa okunemibandela noma amandla okukhiqiza.isiqephu 0.2.
3. Amandla Okuqina ( σ B)
Ingcindezi enkulu into efinyelelwayo ngesikhathi sokushuba kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ngesikhathi ephuka ngaso.Ibonisa amandla ensimbi ngokumelene nokuphuka.Okuhambisana namandla okuqina futhi amandla acindezelayo, amandla okuguquguquka, njll. Setha i-Pb njengamandla amakhulu aqinile ngaphambi kokuba impahla ikhishwe futhi u-Fo njengendawo yesiqephu esiphambanayo sesampuli, bese kuba amandla aqinile σ B= Pb/ I-Fo (MPa).
4. Ubude ( δ S)
Iphesenti lobude bepulasitiki bezinto ezisetshenziswayo ngemva kokugqashuka kubude besampula bangempela ibizwa ngokuthi ukunwetshwa noma ukwelulwa.
5. Isilinganiso samandla esivuno ( σ S/ σ B)
Isilinganiso sephoyinti lesivuno (amandla esivuno) sensimbi kumandla aqinile sibizwa ngokuthi isilinganiso samandla esivuno.Ukuphakama kwesilinganiso sokuqina kwesivuno, kuyanda ukuthembeka kwezingxenye zesakhiwo.Isilinganiso sokuqina kwesivuno sensimbi evamile ye-carbon ngu-0.6-0.65, kanye ne-low alloy structural steel ngu-0.65-0.75, kanye ne-alloy structural steel 0.84-0.86.
6. Ubulukhuni
Ukuqina kubonisa ukumelana kwempahla ezintweni eziqinile ezicindezela endaweni yayo.Ingenye yezinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile zezinto zensimbi.Ukuphakama kokuqina okuvamile, kungcono ukumelana nokugqoka.Izinkomba zokuqina ezivame ukusetshenziswa yiBrinell hardness, Rockwell hardness kanye neVickers hardness.
1) Ukuqina kwe-Brinell (HB)
Amabhola ensimbi aqinile anobukhulu obuthile (ububanzi ngokuvamile bungu-10mm) acindezelwa ebusweni bento enomthwalo othile (ngokuvamile u-3000kg) isikhathi esithile.Ngemva kokuthulula, isilinganiso somthwalo endaweni yokuhlohla ibizwa ngokuthi iBrinell Hardness (HB).
2) Ukuqina kwe-Rockwell (HR)
Uma i-HB>450 noma isampuli incane kakhulu, ukukalwa kokuqina kwe-Rockwell ngeke kusetshenziswe esikhundleni sokuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-Brinell.Kuyi-cone yedayimane ene-engeli ephezulu yama-degrees ayi-120 noma ibhola lensimbi elinobubanzi obungu-1.59 no-3.18 mm, elicindezelwa ebusweni bempahla ngaphansi kwemithwalo ethile futhi ukuqina kwento kunqunywa ukujula ukuhlehlisa.Kunezilinganiso ezintathu ezihlukene ezibonisa ubulukhuni bempahla ehloliwe:
I-HRA: Ukuqina okutholwe ngomthwalo ongu-60 kg kanye nekhoni yedayimane yokucindezela izinto eziqinile njenge-carbides enosimende.
I-HRB: Ukuqina okutholakala ngokuqinisa ibhola lensimbi elinomthwalo ongu-100kg nobubanzi obungu-1.58mm.Isetshenziselwa izinto ezinobulukhuni obuphansi (isb. insimbi ehlanganisiwe, insimbi ekhonjiwe, njll.).
I-HRC: Ukuqina okutholwe kusetshenziswa umthwalo ongu-150 kg kanye nokucindezela kwekhoni yedayimane ezintweni ezinokuqina okuphezulu njengensimbi eqinile.
3) I-Vickers Hardness (HV)
Ingaphezulu lezinto ezibonakalayo licindezelwa umshini we-diamond square cone onomthwalo ongaphansi kuka-120 kg kanye ne-engeli ephezulu engu-136 degrees.I-Vickers hardness value (HV) ichazwa ngokuhlukanisa indawo engaphezulu yekhefu lokuhlehlisa ngenani lomthwalo.

II.Izinsimbi Ezimnyama Nezinsimbi Ezingeyona Insimbi

1. Izinsimbi ezisansimbi
Kubhekiselwa kungxubevange yensimbi nensimbi.Okufana nensimbi, i-iron yengulube, i-ferroalloy, i-cast iron, njll. Insimbi ne-pig iron ama-alloys asekelwe ku-ayoni futhi ahlanganiswe kakhulu ne-carbon.Ngokuhlangene abizwa ngokuthi ama-FERROCARBON alloys.
I-pig iron iwumkhiqizo owenziwe ngokuncibilikisa insimbi yensimbi ibe isithando somlilo futhi isetshenziselwa ukwenza insimbi nokuphonsa.
I-cast pig iron incibilika esithandweni esincibilikisa insimbi ukuze kutholwe insimbi ewuketshezi (insimbi ewuketshezi enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni engaphezu kuka-2.11%).Phonsa insimbi ewuketshezi ensimbini eyinsimbi, ebizwa nge-cast iron.
I-Ferroalloy iyingxubevange eyakhiwe ngensimbi nezinto ezifana ne-silicon, i-manganese, i-chromium ne-titanium.I-Ferroalloy ingenye yezinto ezingavuthiwe zokwakha insimbi futhi isetshenziswa njenge-deoxidizer kanye nesengezo sezakhi ze-alloy ekwenzeni insimbi.
Ingxubevange ye-iron-carbon enekhabhoni engaphansi kuka-2.11% ibizwa ngensimbi.Insimbi itholakala ngokufaka insimbi yengulube yokwenza insimbi esithandweni sokwenza insimbi bese iyincibilikisa ngokwenqubo ethile.Imikhiqizo yensimbi ihlanganisa ama-ingots, ama-billet e-casting aqhubekayo kanye nokusakazwa okuqondile kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene zensimbi.Ngokuvamile, insimbi ibhekisela ensimbi egoqwe ezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene.Isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izingxenye zemishini ezishisayo ezifojiwe nezicindezelwe ezishisayo, insimbi ekhandwayo enekhanda elibandayo nekhanda elibandayo, izingxenye zomshini zepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo,izingxenye zemishini ye-cnc, ukuphonsa izingxenye.
2. Izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi
Eyaziwa nangokuthi izinsimbi ezingezona ayoni, ibhekisela ezinsimbi kanye nama-alloys ngaphandle kwensimbi eyinsimbi, njengethusi, ithini, umthofu, i-zinc, i-aluminium nethusi, ithusi, i-aluminium alloy kanye nama-alloys ane-bearing.Isibonelo, i-CNC lathe ingacubungula izinto ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise 316 futhi 304 insimbi engagqwali amapuleti, carbon steel, carbon steel, aluminium ingxubevange, zinc ingxubevange izinto, aluminium ingxubevange, ithusi, insimbi, ipulasitiki, acrylic amapuleti, POM, UHWM nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi kungaba ukucubungula zibeIzingxenye zokuguqula ze-CNCfuthiIzingxenye zokugaya ze-CNCkanye nezinye izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezakhiwo eziyisikwele kanye ne-cylindrical.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-manganese, i-molybdenum, i-cobalt, i-vanadium, i-tungsten ne-titanium nayo isetshenziswa embonini.Lezi zinsimbi zisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengezithasiselo ze-alloy ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zensimbi, lapho i-tungsten, i-titanium, i-molybdenum namanye ama-carbide anosimende asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amathuluzi okusika.Lezi zinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi zibizwa ngokuthi izinsimbi zezimboni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinsimbi eziyigugu njengeplatinamu, igolide, isiliva nezinsimbi ezingavamile, okuhlanganisa i-uranium enemisebe neradium.

III.Ukuhlukaniswa Kwensimbi

Ngaphandle kwe-iron ne-carbon, izakhi eziyinhloko zensimbi zihlanganisa i-silicon, i-manganese, isulfure ne-phosphorus.
Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlukanisa insimbi, futhi eziyinhloko zimi kanje:
1. Hlukanisa Ngekhwalithi
(1) Insimbi evamile (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba zamakhemikhali
(1) Insimbi yekhabhoni: a.Insimbi ye-carbon ephansi (C <0.25%);B. Medium carbon steel (C <0.25-0.60%);C. High carbon steel (C <0.60%).
(2) Insimbi yengxubevange: a.Insimbi ye-alloy ephansi (ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwezakhi ze-alloy <5%);B. Insimbi ye-alloy ephakathi (ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwezakhi ze-alloy> 5-10%);C. Insimbi ye-alloy ephezulu (ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-alloy element> 10%).
3. Ukuhlukanisa ngokwakha indlela
(1) Insimbi eyenziwe ngomgunyathi;(2) Insimbi;(3) Insimbi egoqiwe eshisayo;(4) Insimbi ebandayo edonsayo.
4. Ukuhlukaniswa nge-Metallographic Organization
(1) Isimo esifakiwe: a.Insimbi ye-Hypoeutectoid (i-ferrite + pearlite);B. Insimbi ye-Eutectic (pearlite);C. Insimbi ye-hypereutectoid (pearlite + cementite);D. Ledeburite steel (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Isimo esijwayelekile: A. insimbi ye-pearlitic;B. Insimbi ye-Bainitic;C. insimbi ye-martensitic;D. Insimbi ye-Austenitic.
(3) Akukho ukuguqulwa kwesigaba noma ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esiyingxenye
5. Hlukanisa Ngokusebenzisa
(1) Insimbi yokwakha nobunjiniyela: a.Insimbi evamile ye-carbon structural;B. Insimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy ephansi;C. Insimbi eqinisiwe.
(2) Insimbi yesakhiwo:
A. Insimbi yomshini: (a) insimbi yesakhiwo esithambile;(b) Izinsimbi zesakhiwo eziqina phezu komhlaba: okuhlanganisa izinsimbi ezishisiwe, ezine-ammoniated neziqinisa phezulu;(c) Insimbi yesakhiwo esika kalula;(d) Insimbi ebandayo eyenza ipulasitiki: okuhlanganisa insimbi ebandayo yokunyathela kanye nensimbi ekhanda ebandayo.
B. Insimbi yasentwasahlobo
C. Ukuthwala insimbi
(3) Insimbi yethuluzi: a.Insimbi yensimbi ye-carbon;B. Insimbi yensimbi ye-alloy;C. Insimbi yamathuluzi ejubane eliphezulu.
(4) Insimbi yokusebenza okukhethekile: a.Insimbi engagqwali ukumelana ne-asidi;B. Insimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa: okuhlanganisa insimbi evimbela ukushisa, insimbi enamandla okushisa nensimbi yevalvu;C. Electrothermal ingxubevange steel;D. Insimbi engagqoki;E. Insimbi yokushisa ephansi;F. Insimbi kagesi.
(5) Insimbi yobungcweti - njengensimbi yebhuloho, insimbi yomkhumbi, insimbi yokubhayela, insimbi yomkhumbi wokucindezela, insimbi yemishini yezolimo, njll.
6. Ukuhlukaniswa Okuphelele
(1) Insimbi evamile
A. Insimbi yesakhiwo seCarbon: (a) Q195;(b) Q215 (A, B);(c) Q235 (A, B, C);(d) Q255 (A, B);(e) Q275.
B. Insimbi yesakhiwo esinengxubevange ephansi
C. Insimbi yesakhiwo esijwayelekile ngezinjongo ezithile
(2) Insimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu (kuhlanganise nensimbi yekhwalithi ephezulu)
A. Insimbi yesakhiwo: (a) Insimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni yekhwalithi ephezulu;(b) Ingxubevange yensimbi yesakhiwo;(c) insimbi yasentwasahlobo;(d) Izinsimbi ezisika kalula;(e) Insimbi enensimbi;(f) Insimbi yesakhiwo eseqophelweni eliphezulu ngezinjongo ezithile.
B. Insimbi yethuluzi: (a) Insimbi yethuluzi lekhabhoni;(b) Insimbi yensimbi eyingxubevange;(c) Insimbi yamathuluzi enesivinini esikhulu.
C. Insimbi yokusebenza okukhethekile: (a) insimbi engagqwali ne-asidi;(b) Insimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa;(c) Insimbi yensimbi yokushisa kagesi;(d) Insimbi kagesi;(e) Insimbi ekwazi ukumelana ne-manganese ephezulu.
7. Ukuhlelwa Ngendlela Yokuncibilikisa
(1) Ngokohlobo lwesithando somlilo
A. Insimbi yokuguqula: (a) insimbi yokuguqula i-asidi;(b) Insimbi yokuguqula i-alkaline.Noma (a) insimbi yokuguqula eshaye phansi;(b) Insimbi yokuguqula eshaywa emaceleni;(c) Insimbi yokuguqula evuthelwe phezulu.
B. Insimbi yesithando somlilo kagesi: (a) Insimbi yesithando somlilo kagesi;(b) Electroslag furnace steel;(c) insimbi yesithando somlilo;(d) Vacuum isithando somlilo esisebenzisekayo;(e) Insimbi yesithando somlilo se-electron.
(2) Ngokusho kwe-deoxidization degree kanye nesistimu yokuthulula
A. Insimbi ebilayo;B. Insimbi ethule kancane;C. Insimbi ebulewe;D. Insimbi ekhethekile ebulewe.

IV.Uhlolojikelele Lwendlela Yokumela Inombolo Yensimbi e-China

Umkhiqizo womkhiqizo uvame ukumelwa ngokuhlanganisa izinhlamvu zamagama zesiShayina, uphawu lwamakhemikhali kanye nenombolo yesi-Arabhu.Leyo:
(1) Izakhi zamakhemikhali ezinombolweni zensimbi zimelelwa izimpawu zamakhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe, njenge-Si, Mn, Cr, njll. Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile ezixubile zimelelwa yi-RE (noma i-Xt).
(2) Igama lomkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa, izindlela zokuncibilikisa nezindlela zokuthela, njll., ngokuvamile zivezwa ngezifinyezo zefonetiki yesiShayina.
(3) Okuqukethwe kwezakhi zamakhemikhali eziyinhloko (%) ensimbi kuvezwa izinombolo zesi-Arabhu.
Lapho usebenzisa izinhlamvu zamagama zesiShayina ukumela igama lomkhiqizo, ukusetshenziswa, izici nendlela yokucubungula, uhlamvu lokuqala luvame ukukhethwa ezinhlamvwini zesiShayina ukuze lumelele igama lomkhiqizo.Lapho uphinda ngohlamvu olukhethiwe lomunye umkhiqizo, uhlamvu lwesibili noma lwesithathu lungasetshenziswa, noma uhlamvu lokuqala lwezinhlamvu zesiShayina ezimbili lungakhethwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Lapho lungekho uhlamvu lwesiShayina noma izinhlamvu zesiShayina ezitholakalayo okwamanje, izimpawu kuzoba izinhlamvu zesiNgisi.