I. Mechanical zog ntawm steel
1. Yield point (σ S)
Thaum cov hlau los yog cov qauv yog ncab, thaum qhov kev ntxhov siab tshaj qhov kev txwv elastic, txawm tias qhov kev ntxhov siab tsis nce ntxiv, cov hlau los yog cov qauv yuav txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov pom tseeb ntawm cov yas deformation.Qhov tshwm sim no hu ua yield, thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi kev ntxhov siab thaum tawm los yog qhov taw tes tawm.Yog tias Ps yog lub zog sab nraud ntawm qhov taw tes tawm s thiab Fo yog qhov chaw hla ntawm cov qauv, ces qhov taw tes σ S = Ps / Fo (MPa).
2. Yield zog (σ 0.2)
Qhov taw tes tawm ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv hlau tsis pom tseeb thiab nws nyuaj rau ntsuas lawv.Yog li, txhawm rau ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom siv, nws tau teev tseg tias qhov kev ntxhov siab ua rau cov yas deformation ruaj khov yog sib npaug rau qee tus nqi (feem ntau 0.2% ntawm qhov ntev ntawm thawj), uas yog hu ua lub zog yield los yog lub zog tawm los.s 0.2 ua.
3. Tensile zog (σ B)
Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom tiav thaum lub sij hawm nro txij thaum pib mus rau lub sij hawm nws tawg.Nws qhia lub zog ntawm cov hlau tiv thaiv kev tawg.Ua raws li lub zog tensile kuj yog lub zog compressive, flexural zog, thiab lwm yam. Teem Pb raws li qhov siab tshaj plaws tensile quab yuam ua ntej cov khoom rub tawm thiab Fo raws li qhov chaw hla ntawm cov qauv, ces lub zog tensile σ B = Pb / Fo (MPa).
4. Ntev (δ S)
Qhov feem pua ntawm cov yas elongation ntawm cov khoom tom qab tawg mus rau qhov qub qauv ntev yog hu ua elongation lossis elongation.
5. Yield-strength ratio (σ S / σ B)
Qhov piv ntawm qhov taw tes tawm los (yield zog) ntawm cov hlau rau lub zog tensile yog hu ua yield zog piv.Qhov siab dua qhov yield-strength ratio, qhov siab dua qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov khoom siv.Qhov sib piv ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntau yog 0.6-0.65, thiab cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau yog 0.65-0.75, thiab cov hlau alloy yog 0.84-0.86.
6. Hardness
Hardness qhia tias cov khoom tsis kam rau cov khoom tawv uas nias rau hauv nws qhov chaw.Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom siv hlau.Qhov siab dua qhov dav dav, qhov zoo dua qhov hnav tsis kam.Feem ntau siv hardness ntsuas yog Brinell hardness, Rockwell hardness thiab Vickers hardness.
1) Brinell Hardness (HB)
Hardened steel npas ntawm ib tug me me (inch yog feem ntau 10mm) yog nias rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom nrog ib tug tej yam load (feem ntau 3000kg) rau ib lub sij hawm.Tom qab tshem tawm, qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom thauj mus rau qhov chaw indentation hu ua Brinell Hardness (HB).
2) Rockwell Hardness (HR)
Thaum HB> 450 lossis cov qauv me dhau, Rockwell hardness ntsuas tsis tuaj yeem siv los hloov Brinell hardness test.Nws yog lub pob zeb diamond lub khob nrog lub kaum sab saum toj ntawm 120 degrees lossis lub pob steel nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1.59 thiab 3.18 hli, uas yog nias rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv tej yam loads thiab hardness ntawm cov khoom yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tob ntawm cov khoom. indentation.Muaj peb qhov sib txawv los qhia qhov hardness ntawm cov khoom kuaj:
HRA: Hardness tau nrog 60 kg load thiab pob zeb diamond cone nias-hauv rau cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj heev xws li cemented carbides.
HRB: Hardness tau los ntawm hardening ib lub pob steel nrog ib tug load ntawm 100kg thiab ib txoj kab uas hla ntawm 1.58mm.Nws yog siv rau cov ntaub ntawv nrog qis hardness (xws li annealed steel, cam khwb cia hlau, thiab lwm yam).
HRC: Hardness tau los ntawm kev siv 150 kg load thiab pob zeb diamond cone press-in rau cov ntaub ntawv uas siab hardness xws li hardened steel.
3) Vickers Hardness (HV)
Cov khoom nto yog nias los ntawm lub pob zeb diamond square cone nias nrog lub load tsawg dua 120 kg thiab lub kaum sab xis ntawm 136 degrees.Vickers hardness tus nqi (HV) yog txhais los ntawm kev faib thaj tsam ntawm cov khoom indentation recess los ntawm tus nqi thauj khoom.
II.Cov hlau dub thiab cov hlau tsis muaj hlau
1. Ferrous hlau
Nws yog hais txog cov hlau thiab hlau.Xws li steel, npua hlau, ferroalloy, cam khwb cia hlau, thiab lwm yam. Hlau thiab npua hlau yog alloys raws li hlau thiab tsuas yog ntxiv nrog carbon.Lawv raug hu ua FERROCARBON alloys.
Npua hlau yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm smelting hlau ore rau hauv qhov cub tawg thiab feem ntau yog siv rau steelmaking thiab casting.
Cam khwb cia npua hlau yog melted nyob rau hauv ib tug hlau melting rauv kom tau cam khwb cia hlau (kua hlau nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon ntau dua 2.11%).Cam khwb cia kua cam khwb cia hlau rau hauv cam khwb cia hlau, uas yog hu ua cam khwb cia hlau.
Ferroalloy yog ib qho hlau uas muaj hlau thiab cov khoom xws li silicon, manganese, chromium thiab titanium.Ferroalloy yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv raw rau steel ua thiab yog siv los ua deoxidizer thiab additive rau alloy ntsiab hauv steel ua.
Hlau-carbon alloy nrog cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg dua 2.11% yog hu ua hlau.Hlau yog tau los ntawm muab npua hlau rau steelmaking rau hauv steelmaking rauv thiab smelting nws raws li ib tug tej yam txheej txheem.Cov khoom ntawm cov hlau muaj xws li ingots, nruam casting billets thiab ncaj qha casting ntawm ntau yam steel castings.Feem ntau hais lus, steel hais txog cov hlau dov rau hauv ntau yam hlau.Siv rau kev tsim kub forged thiab kub pressed mechanical qhov chaw, txias drawn thiab txias taub hau forged steel, seamless steel yeeb nkab mechanical manufacturing qhov chaw,cnc machining qhov chaw, casting qhov chaw.
2. Cov hlau tsis muaj hlau
Kuj hu ua non-ferrous hlau, hais txog hlau thiab alloys uas tsis yog ferrous hlau, xws li tooj liab, tin, lead, zinc, txhuas thiab tooj dag, bronze, aluminium alloy thiab bearing alloys. Piv txwv li, CNC tshuab dhos tuaj yeem ua ntau yam ntaub ntawv, suav nrog 316 thiab 304 stainless hlau daim hlau, carbon hlau, carbon hlau, aluminium alloy, zinc alloy cov ntaub ntawv, aluminium alloy, tooj liab, hlau, yas, acrylic daim hlau, POM, UHWM thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv raw, thiab tuaj yeem ua rau hauvCNC tig qhov chawthiabCNC milling qhov chawnrog rau qee qhov nyuaj nrog cov qauv square thiab cylindrical.Tsis tas li ntawd, chromium, npib tsib xee, manganese, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, tungsten thiab titanium kuj siv rau hauv kev lag luam.Cov hlau no tsuas yog siv los ua cov khoom siv ntxiv los txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov hlau, uas yog siv tungsten, titanium, molybdenum thiab lwm yam cemented carbides los tsim cov cuab yeej txiav.Cov hlau nonferrous no raug xa mus rau kev lag luam hlau.Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov hlau tseem ceeb xws li platinum, kub, nyiaj thiab tsis tshua muaj hlau, nrog rau cov xov tooj cua uranium thiab radium.
III.Classification ntawm Steel
Dhau li ntawm hlau thiab carbon, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau muaj xws li silicon, manganese, sulfur thiab phosphorus.
Muaj ntau yam kev faib tawm rau cov hlau, thiab cov tseem ceeb yog raws li hauv qab no:
1. Muab faib los ntawm Kev Ua Zoo
(1) Cov hlau (P <0.045%, S <0.050%)
(2) Cov hlau zoo (P, S <0.035%)
(3) Cov hlau zoo (P <0.035%, S <0.030%)
2. Kev faib tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
(1) carbon steel: a.Cov pa roj carbon tsawg (C <0.25%);B. Nruab nrab carbon steel (C <0.25-0.60%);C. High carbon steel (C <0.60%).
(2) Alloy hlau: a.Cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau (tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus alloy <5%);B. Nruab nrab alloy steel (tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloy ntsiab> 5-10%);C. High alloy steel (tag nrho cov ntsiab lus alloy cov ntsiab lus> 10%).
3. Kev faib tawm los ntawm txoj kev tsim
(1) Forged steel;(2) Cam khwb cia hlau;(3) Kub dov hlau;(4) Cold drawn steel.
4. Kev faib tawm los ntawm Lub Koom Haum Metallographic
(1) Lub xeev Annealed: a.Hypoeutectoid hlau (ferrite + pearlite);B. Eutectic steel (pearlite);C. Hypereutectoid steel (pearlite + cementite);D. Ledeburite steel (pearlite + cementite).
(2) Lub xeev Normalized: A. pearlitic hlau;B. Bainitic hlau;C. martensitic hlau;D. Austenitic hlau.
(3) Tsis muaj theem kev hloov pauv lossis ib nrab theem hloov pauv
5. Muab faib los ntawm Kev Siv
(1) Kev tsim kho thiab engineering steel: a.Common carbon steel qauv;B. Tsawg alloy qauv steel;C. Reinforced steel.
(2) Steel Qauv:
A. Machinery steel: (a) tempered structural steel;(b) Surface hardening structural steels: suav nrog carburized, ammoniated thiab nto hardening steels;(c) Yooj yim-txiav cov qauv hlau;(d) Cold yas forming steel: nrog rau txias stamping steel thiab txias taub hau hlau.
B. Caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel
C. Cov kabmob steel
(3) Cov cuab yeej steel: a.Cov cuab yeej carbon steel;B. Alloy cuab yeej steel;C. Kev kub ceev cuab yeej hlau.
(4) Kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb steel: a.Stainless acid-resistant hlau;B. Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant steel: nrog rau cov hlau los tiv thaiv oxidation, tshav kub-lub zog steel thiab valve steel;C. Electrothermal alloy hlau;D. Hnav-resistant steel;E. Tsawg kub steel;F. Hluav taws xob hlau.
(5) Kev cob qhia steel - xws li choj hlau, nkoj hlau, boiler steel, siab nkoj steel, ua liaj ua teb machinery steel, thiab lwm yam.
6. Kev faib tawm dav dav
(1) Hom hlau
A. Carbon structural steel: (a) Q195;(b) Q215 (A, B);(c) Q235 (A, B, C);(d) Q255 (A, B);(e) Q275.
B. Tsawg alloy qauv hlau
C. General structural steel rau cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb
(2) Cov hlau zoo (nrog rau cov hlau zoo)
A. Cov qauv hlau: (a) Cov khoom siv zoo carbon steel;(b) Alloy structural steel;(c) caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel;(d) Yooj yim-txiav steel;(e) Cov kabmob steel;(f) Cov qauv hlau zoo rau cov hom phiaj tshwj xeeb.
B. Cov cuab yeej steel: (a) Cov cuab yeej carbon steel;(b) Alloy cuab yeej steel;(c) High-speed tool steel.
C. Kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb steel: (a) stainless thiab acid-resistant steel;(b) Thaum tshav kub kub-resistant steel;(c) Hluav taws xob cua sov alloy steel;(d) Hluav taws xob hlau;(e) High manganese hnav-resistant steel.
7. Kev faib tawm los ntawm Smelting Method
(1) Raws li hom rauv
A. Hloov steel: (a) acid converter steel;(b) Alkaline converter hlau.Los yog (a) hauv qab-blown converter steel;(b) Sab-blown converter steel;(c) Sab saum toj cua tshuab converter steel.
B. Hluav taws xob rauv hlau: (a) Hluav taws xob arc rauv hlau;(b) Electroslag rauv hlau;(c) induction rauv hlau;(d) Lub tshuab nqus tsev consumable rauv steel;(e) Electron beam rauv hlau.
(2) Raws li deoxidization degree thiab pouring system
A. Boiling hlau;B. Semi-ntev steel;C. Tua hlau;D. Tshwj xeeb tua hlau.
IV.Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm Steel Number Representation Method nyob rau hauv Suav teb
Cov khoom lag luam feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm kev sib txuas cov tsiaj ntawv Suav, cov cim tshuaj lom neeg thiab tus lej Arabic.Ntawd yog:
(1) Cov ntsiab lus tshuaj nyob rau hauv steel tooj yog sawv cev los ntawm thoob ntiaj teb cov cim tshuaj, xws li Si, Mn, Cr, thiab lwm yam. Mixed rare ntiaj teb ntsiab yog sawv cev los ntawm RE (los yog Xt).
(2) Cov khoom npe, kev siv, smelting thiab pouring txoj kev, thiab lwm yam, yog feem ntau qhia los ntawm abbreviations ntawm Suav phonetics.
(3) Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (%) hauv cov hlau yog qhia los ntawm cov lej Arabic.
Thaum siv cov tsiaj ntawv Suav los sawv cev cov khoom npe, siv, cov yam ntxwv thiab cov txheej txheem txheej txheem, thawj tsab ntawv feem ntau yog xaiv los ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Suav los sawv cev cov khoom npe.Thaum rov hais dua nrog tsab ntawv xaiv ntawm lwm yam khoom, tsab ntawv thib ob lossis thib peb tuaj yeem siv tau, lossis thawj tus tsiaj ntawv ntawm ob tus cim Suav tuaj yeem xaiv tib lub sijhawm.
Qhov twg tsis muaj cov cim Suav lossis cov tsiaj ntawv Suav muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm, cov cim yuav tsum yog cov tsiaj ntawv Askiv.
Post lub sij hawm: Dec-12-2022